Foreword ........................................................ v
Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role
of the Northern Seas in Climate. A General Introduction ...... 1
Bob Dickson, Jens Meincke, and Peter Rhines
1 The Inflow of Atlantic Water, Heat, and Salt to the Nordic
Seas Across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge .................... 15
Bogi Hansen, Svein Østerhus, William R. Turrell,
Steingrímur Jónsson, Héðinn Valdimarsson, Hjálmar Hátún,
and Steffen Malskaer Olsen
2 Volume and Heat Transports to the Arctic Ocean Via
the Norwegian and Barents Seas .............................. 45
Øystein Skagseth, Tore Furevik, Randi Ingvaldsen, Harald
Loeng, Kjell Arne Mork, Kjell Arild Orvik, and Vladimir
Ozhigin
3 Variation of Measured Heat Flow Through the Fram
Strait Between 1997 and 2006 ................................ 65
Ursula Schauer, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, Waldemar
Walczowski, Eberhard Fahrbach, Jan Piechura, and Edmond
Hansen
4 Is Oceanic Heat Transport Significant in the Climate
System? ..................................................... 87
Peter Rhines, Sirpa Hakkinen, and Simon A. Josey
5 Long-Term Variability of Atlantic Water Inflow
to the Northern Seas: Insights from Model Experiments ...... 111
Michael Karcher, Ruediger Gerdes, and Frank Kauker
6 Climatic Importance of Large-Scale and Mesoscale
Circulation in the Lofoten Basin Deduced from Lagrangian
Observations ............................................... 131
Jean-Claude Gascard and Kjell Arne Mork
7 Freshwater Storage in the Northern Ocean and the Special
Role of the Beaufort Gyre .................................. 145
Eddy Carmack, Fiona McLaughlin, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai,
Motoyo Itoh, Koji Shimada, Richard Krishfield, and Andrey
Proshutinsky
8 Modelling the Sea Ice Export Through Fram Strait ........... 171
Torben Koenigk, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Helmuth Haak, and
Johann Jungclaus
9 Fresh-Water Fluxes via Pacific and Arctic Outflows
Across the Canadian Polar Shelf ............................ 193
Humfrey Melling, Tom A. Agnew, Kelly K. Falkner, David
A. Greenberg, Craig M. Lee, Andreas Münchow, Brian
Petrie, Simon J. Prinsenberg, Roger M. Samelson, and
Rebecca A. Woodgate
10 The Arctic-Subarctic Exchange Through Hudson Strait ........ 249
Fiammetta Straneo and François J. Saucier
11 Freshwater Fluxes East of Greenland ........................ 263
Jürgen Holfort, Edmond Hansen, Svein Østerhus, Stephen
Dye, Steingrimur Jonsson, Jens Meincke, John Mortensen,
and Michael Meredith
12 The Changing View on How Freshwater Impacts the Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation ......................... 289
Michael Vellinga, Bob Dickson, and Ruth Curry
13 Constraints on Estimating Mass, Heat and Freshwater
Transports in the Arctic Ocean: An Exercise ................ 315
Bert Rudels, Marika Marnela, and Patrick Eriksson
14 Variability and Change in the Atmospheric Branch of the
Arctic Hydrologic Cycle .................................... 343
Mark С. Serreze, Andrew P. Barrett, and Andrew G. Slater
15 Simulating the Terms in the Arctic Hydrological Budget ..... 363
Peili Wu, Helmuth Haak, Richard Wood, Johann
H. Jungclaus, and Tore Furevik
16 Is the Global Conveyor Belt Threatened by Arctic Ocean
Fresh Water Outflow? ....................................... 385
E. Peter Jones and Leif G. Anderson
17 Simulating the Long-Term Variability of Liquid Freshwater
Export from the Arctic Ocean ............................... 405
Rüdiger Gerdes, Michael Karcher, Cornelia Köberle, and
Kerstin Fieg
18 The Overflow Transport East of Iceland ..................... 427
Svein Østerhus, Toby Sherwin, Detlef Quadfasel,
and Bogi Hansen
19 The Overflow Flux West of Iceland: Variability, Origins
and Forcing ................................................ 443
Bob Dickson, Stephen Dye, Steingrimur Jónsson, Armin
Köhl, Andreas Macrander, Marika Marnela, Jens Meincke,
Steffen Olsen, Bert Rudels, Héðinn Valdimarsson, and
Gunnar Voet
20 Tracer Evidence of the Origin and Variability of Denmark
Strait Overflow Water ...................................... 475
Toste Tanhua, K. Anders Olsson, and Emil Jeansson
21 Transformation and Fate of Overflows in the Northern
North Atlantic ............................................. 505
Igor Yashayaev and Bob Dickson
22 Modelling the Overflows Across the Greenland-Scotland
Ridge ...................................................... 527
Johann H. Jungclaus, Andreas Macrander, and Rolf H. Käse
23 Satellite Evidence of Change in the Northern Gyre .......... 551
Sirpa Häkkinen, Hjálmar Hátún, and Peter Rhines
24 The History of the Labrador Sea Water: Production,
Spreading, Transformation and Loss ......................... 569
Igor Yashayaev, N. Penny Holliday, Manfred Bersch, and
Hendrik M. van Aken
25 Convective to Gyre-Scale Dynamics: Seaglider Campaigns
in the Labrador Sea 2003-2005 .............................. 613
Charles C. Eriksen and Peter B. Rhines
26 Convection in the Western North Atlantic Sub-Polar Gyre:
Do Small-Scale Wind Events Matter? ......................... 629
Robert S. Pickart, Kjetil Våge, G.W.K. Moore, Ian A.
Renfrew, Mads Hvid Ribergaard, and Huw C. Davies
27 North Atlantic Deep Water Formation in the Labrador Sea,
Recirculation Through the Subpolar Gyre, and Discharge
to the Subtropics .......................................... 653
Thomas Haine, Claus Böning, Peter Brandt, Jürgen
Fischer, Andreas Funk, Dagmar Kieke, Erik Kvaleberg,
Monika Rhein, and Martin Visbeck
28 Accessing the Inaccessible: Buoyancy-Driven Coastal
Currents on the Shelves of Greenland and Eastern Canada .... 703
Sheldon Bacon, Paul G. Myers, Bert Rudels, and David A.
Sutherland
List of Contributors .......................................... 723
Index ......................................................... 731
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