Editorial ..................................................... vii
Contents ....................................................... xi
Preface ...................................................... xvii
Color Plates ................................................. CP-1
Part I. Introduction to Light-Harvesting
1 Photosynthetic Membranes and Their Light-Harvesting
Antennas .................................................. 1-28
Beverley R. Green, Jan M. Anderson and William W. Parson
Summary ...................................................... 2
I Introduction ............................................ 2
II Photosynthetic Prokaryotes .............................. 6
III Chloroplasts of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes .............. 14
To be Continued ............................................. 23
Acknowledgments ............................................. 23
References .................................................. 23
2 The Pigments ............................................. 29-81
Hugo Scheer
Summary ..................................................... 29
I Introduction ........................................... 30
II Functions: A Short Overview ............................ 30
III The Pigments ........................................... 34
IV Analytics .............................................. 67
V Pigment Substitution Methods ........................... 69
References .................................................. 71
3 Optical Spectroscopy in Photosynthetic Antennas ......... 83-127
William W. Parson and V. Nagarajan
Summary ..................................................... 84
I Introduction .......................................... 84
II Absorption Coefficient ................................ 85
III Charge-Transfer Transitions ........................... 86
IV Circular Dichroism .................................... 86
V Configuration Interactions ............................ 90
VI Dipole Strength ....................................... 92
VII Electromagnetic Radiation ............................. 92
VIII Excitons .............................................. 95
IX Fluorescence Yield and Lifetime ...................... 100
X Infrared Spectroscopy ................................ 101
XI Internal Conversion .................................. 103
XII Linear Dichroism and Fluorescence Anisotropy ......... 103
XIII Mathematical Tools ................................... 106
XIV Raman Scattering ..................................... 107
XV Resonance Energy Transfer ............................ 108
XVI Singlet and Triplet States ........................... 111
XVII Spectral Bandshapes and Dynamics ..................... 113
XVIII Spontaneous Fluorescence ............................. 116
XIX Time-Resolved Spectroscopy ........................... 118
XX Transition Dipoles ................................... 120
XXI Wavefunctions ........................................ 123
Acknowledgement ............................................ 125
References ................................................. 125
4 The Evolution of Light-harvesting Antennas ............. 129-168
Beverley R. Green
Summary .................................................... 130
I Introduction ......................................... 130
II Origins .............................................. 131
III How Proteins and Their Genes Evolve .................. 136
IV Pigment Biosynthesis Genes ........................... 142
V Photosynthetic Reaction Centers and the Core
Antenna Family ....................................... 145
VI Phycobiliproteins .................................... 148
VII LHC Superfamily ...................................... 150
VIII Single Membrane Helix Antennas of Purple and Green
Filamentous Bacteria ................................. 155
IX Antenna Proteins Unique to Certain Groups ............ 156
X The Big Picture: The Five Divisions of
Photosynthetic Bacteria .............................. 157
References ................................................. 160
Part II. Structure and Function in Light-Harvesting
5 The Light-Harvesting System of Purple Bacteria ......... 169-194
Bruno Robert, Richard J. Cogdell and Rienk van
Grondelle
Summary .................................................... 170
I Introduction ......................................... 170
II Components of the Light-Harvesting System of Purple
Bacteria ............................................. 171
III Structure-Function Relationships in Bacterial
Antennas ............................................. 176
IV Energy Transfer in Light-Harvesting Proteins from
Purple Bacteria ...................................... 181
V Conclusion ........................................... 188
Acknowledgments ............................................ 188
References ................................................. 188
6 Antenna Complexes from Green Photosynthetic Bacteria ... 195-217
Robert E. Blankenship and Katsumi Matsuura
Summary .................................................... 195
I Introduction ......................................... 196
II Chlorosome Structure, Pigment Stoichiometry and
Protein Content ...................................... 201
III Redox-Dependent Regulation of Energy Transfer in
Chlorosomes .......................................... 204
IV Fenna-Matthews-Olson Protein ......................... 207
V Kinetics and Pathways of Energy Transfer in
Chlorosomes and Membranes of Green Bacteria .......... 209
VI Conclusions and Future Work .......................... 210
Acknowledgment ............................................. 211
References ................................................. 211
7 Light-Harvesting in Photosystem il ..................... 219-251
Herbert van Amerongen and Jan P. Dekker
Summary .................................................... 220
I Introduction ......................................... 220
II The Photosystem II Genes and Proteins ................ 221
III Individual Photosystem II Antenna Complexes .......... 222
IV Reaction Center Containing Photosystem II
Complexes ............................................ 235
V Overall Trapping of Excitation Energy ................ 242
References ................................................. 245
8 Structure and Function of the Antenna System in
Photosystem I .......................................... 253-279
Petra Fromme, Eberhard Schlodder and Stefan Jansson
Summary .................................................... 254
I Introduction ......................................... 254
II The Architecture of Cyanobacterial Photosystem I ..... 255
III Structural Organization of the Core Antenna System ... 261
IV Plant Photosystem I .................................. 266
V Excitation Energy Transfer and Trapping in PS I ...... 270
Acknowledgment ............................................. 275
References ................................................. 275
9 Antenna Systems and Energy Transfer in Cyanophyta and
Rhodophyta ............................................. 281-306
Mamoru Mimuro and Hiroto Kikuchi
Summary .................................................... 282
I Introduction ......................................... 282
II Molecular Architecture of Antenna Systems in
Cyanobacteria and Red Algae .......................... 282
III Energy Flow in Antenna Systems of Cyanobacteria ...... 291
IV Three-Dimensional Structures of Phycobiliproteins .... 292
V Electronic States of Chromophores in
Phycobiliproteins .................................... 298
VI Energy Transfer ...................................... 301
VII Concluding Remarks ................................... 302
Acknowledgments ............................................ 302
References ................................................. 302
10 Antenna Systems of Red Algae: Phycobilisomes with
Photosystem II and Chlorophyll Complexes with
Photosystem I .......................................... 307-322
Elisabeth Gantt, Beatrice Grabowski and Francis X.
Cunningham, Jr.
Summary .................................................... 307
I Introduction ......................................... 308
II Structure and Composition of the Antenna Systems ..... 308
III Phylogenetic Implications of LHC Structure and
Function ............................................. 315
IV Light Acclimation Responses .......................... 315
V Energy Distribution .................................. 318
VI Future Problems to be Addressed ...................... 319
Acknowledgments ............................................ 319
References ................................................. 319
11 Light-Harvesting Systems in Chlorophyll c-Containing
Algae .................................................. 323-352
Alisdair N. Macpherson and Roger G. Hitler
Summary .................................................... 324
I Introduction ......................................... 324
II Groups Having One Main Light Harvesting System ....... 328
III Groups Having Two Distinct Light Harvesting
Systems .............................................. 333
IV Concluding Remarks ................................... 347
Acknowledgments ............................................ 348
References ................................................. 348
Part III. Biogenesis, Regulation and Adaptation
12 Biogenesis of Green Plant Thylakoid Membranes .......... 353-372
Kenneth Cline
Summary .................................................... 353
I Introduction ......................................... 354
II Methodologies for Higher Plant Chloroplasts .......... 354
III Overview of Localization Processes ................... 356
IV Different Mechanisms Address Different
Translocation Problems ............................... 359
V The In Vivo Site of Thylakoid Protein Transport and
Insertion ............................................ 364
VI Chlorophyll Synthesis And The Insertion Of Antenna
Proteins ............................................. 364
VII Future Prospects ..................................... 367
References ................................................. 368
13 Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorometry and its
Application in Plant Science ........................... 373-399
G. Heinrich Krause and Peter Jahns
Summary .................................................... 373
I Introduction ......................................... 374
II The Measuring Principle of the Pulse Amplitude
Modulation Fluorometer ............................... 374
III Initial and Variable Fluorescence .................... 375
IV Ratio of Maximum Variable to Maximum Total
Fluorescence, FV/FM .................................. 378
V Fluorescence Quenching ............................... 379
VI Photosynthetic Yield and Rate of Linear Electron
Transport Determined by Fluorescence Analysis ........ 388
VII Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in the
Study of Mutants ..................................... 391
VIII Conclusion and Perspectives .......................... 392
Acknowledgment ............................................. 393
References ................................................. 393
14 Photostasis in Plants, Green Algae and Cyanobacteria:
The Role of Light Harvesting Antenna Complexes ......... 401-421
Norman P.A. Huner, Gunnar Öquist and Anastasios Melis
Summary .................................................... 402
I Introduction ......................................... 402
II Stress and Photostasis ............................... 404
III Acclimation And Photostasis .......................... 409
IV Chloroplast Biogenesis and Photostasis ............... 415
V Sensing Mechanisms Involved in Photostasis ........... 416
Acknowledgments ............................................ 416
References ................................................. 417
15 Photoacclimation of Light Harvesting Systems in
Eukaryotic Algae ....................................... 423-447
Paul G. Falkowski and Yi-Bu Chen
Summary .................................................... 424
I Introduction ......................................... 424
II Photoacclimation ..................................... 425
III Light in aquatic environments ........................ 425
IV Physiological Responses to Changes in Spectral
Irradiance ........................................... 429
V Light Harvesting Systems and the Effective
Absorption Cross Section of Photosystem II ........... 432
VII Light Harvesting Complexes ........................... 438
VIII The 'Nested Signal' Hypothesis ....................... 442
Acknowledgments ............................................ 443
References ................................................. 443
16 Multi-level Regulation of Purple Bacterial Light-
harvesting Complexes ................................... 449-470
Conan S. Young and J. Thomas Beatty
Summary .................................................... 450
I Introduction ......................................... 450
II Gene Organization and Expression ..................... 452
III Assembly of LH Complexes ............................. 459
IV Other genes and proteins relevant to LH complex
assembly or structure ................................ 462
V Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects .............. 464
Acknowledgments ............................................ 465
References ................................................. 465
17 Environmental Regulation of Phycobilisome
Biosynthesis ........................................... 471-493
Arthur R. Grossman, Lorraine G. van Waasbergen and
David Kehoe
Summary .................................................... 471
I Introduction ......................................... 472
II Phycobilisome Structure .............................. 472
III Complementary Chromatic Adaptation ................... 473
IV Model for the Control of Complementary Chromatic
Adaptation ........................................... 481
V Control of Phycobilisome Biosynthesis During
Nutrient Limitation .................................. 482
VI Concluding Remarks ................................... 488
Acknowledgments ............................................ 488
References ................................................. 488
Index ......................................................... 495
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