Preface ..................................................... xiii
Author Biography ............................................. xix
Part 1. Geographical Space Production: Systems and Laws ........ 1
Part 1. Introduction ........................................... 3
Chapter 1. Geography: the Hard Core of a Social Science ........ 5
1.1 The geographical question ................................. 5
1.2 Geographical space is produced ............................ 6
1.3 The reasons for the production of space ................... 8
1.4 The organization of space ................................ 10
1.5 The logical field and the idea of a system in the
production of space ...................................... 13
1.6 The environment and the memories of the system ........... 14
1.7 Geographical figures ..................................... 16
1.8 Scientific practice ...................................... 18
1.9 Conclusion ............................................... 20
Chapter 2. The Geon and Energy of the System .................. 23
2.1 Populations and working forces ........................... 26
2.2 Resources to actualize ................................... 28
2.3 Information as a source of negentropy .................... 30
2.4 Production means and organization of space ............... 33
2.5 The place of the capital and its distribution ............ 35
2.6 The cybernetics of the system ............................ 38
2.7 Back to A ................................................ 40
Chapter 3. Geographical Fields as the Environment of Places ... 43
3.1 Cardinal fields .......................................... 44
3.2 Planetary fields ......................................... 45
3.3 Cultural fields .......................................... 46
3.4 The effects of exposure and attraction ................... 47
3.5 Fields and geographical distributions .................... 49
Chapter 4. Laws of Geographical Space Production .............. 51
4.1 Geographic logic and the law of profit ................... 52
4.2 Propositions of laws ..................................... 53
4.3 Environment in systems ................................... 57
Chapter 5. Sense of Distance .................................. 59
5.1 Revelation of the distance ............................... 59
5.2 Distance measure ......................................... 61
5.3 Ruptures of the distance ................................. 63
5.4 The represented distance: isolation and entrenchment ..... 65
5.5 The distance and difference .............................. 67
5.6 End of distance? ......................................... 70
Part 2. Broken Space .......................................... 73
Part 2. Introduction .......................................... 75
Chapter 6. Discontinuities and Thresholds ..................... 77
6.1 Discontinuity theory (1965) .............................. 77
6.2 Discontinuities and catastrophism ........................ 79
6.2.1. Discontinuities and climate change ................ 79
6.3 The region and discontinuity ............................. 84
6.4 Back to the discontinuity (1997) ......................... 86
6.5 Three examples of discontinuities in the
geomorphological processes ............................... 89
6.5.1 The recession of Pyrenean glaciers ................ 89
6.5.2 The valleys of the Terrefort ...................... 89
6.5.3 The erosion of soils in the Terrefort
Toulousain ........................................ 90
Chapter 7. Territory Retrenchments ............................ 93
7.1 The pure and the wall .................................... 94
7.2 Retrenchments at the center .............................. 96
7.3 Separated peripheries .................................... 99
7.4 Folds and double folds .................................. 102
7.5 From retrenchment to res publica ........................ 104
Chapter 8. Antiworld and Alienation .......................... 107
8.1 Alienation .............................................. 107
8.2 Antiworld ............................................... 108
Chapter 9. Free Zones in the International Division of
Labor ............................................. 117
9.1 The territories of the antiworld ........................ 117
9.2 The complexity of the concept of international
division of labor ....................................... 119
9.3 The free zones: simplicity of speech, complexity of
the roles ............................................... 119
9.4 The golden belt ......................................... 121
9.5 Territories without frankness, buccaneering
territories ............................................. 122
Chapter 10. Geography of the Gulag Archipelago ............... 125
10.1 The sources of this survey .............................. 126
10.2 Geographical history .................................... 127
10.2.1 Diffusion of the system and development of the
Archipelago ...................................... 128
10.2.2 Settlement and migration ......................... 130
10.2.3 Large-scale works and virgin lands ............... 131
10.3 The organization of the archipelago ..................... 133
10.3.1 The population and its distribution .............. 133
10.3.2 Spatial organization ............................. 136
10.3.3 The dual structure ............................... 140
10.4 The modes of production ................................. 142
10.4.1 Branches of activity and large regions ........... 142
10.4.2 Products of the Gulag ............................ 144
10.4.3 Women's and children's work ...................... 147
10.4.4 Society and culture: social education ............ 148
10.5 Conclusion .............................................. 152
10.6 Appendix ................................................ 153
Chapter 11. Geography of Migrations or the Antiworld in
Spate ............................................ 155
11.1 Waves and currents of emigration ........................ 156
11.2 Wanderings of insecurity, fracture of Mediterraneans .... 158
11.3 Migrations systems: nomadism or wandering ............... 160
11.4 Conclusion .............................................. 161
Part 3. Models and Chorematics ............................... 163
Part 3. Introduction ......................................... 165
Chapter 12. Building Models for Spatial Analysis ............. 167
12.1 From spatial organization to models ..................... 168
12.1.1 The concept of spatial organization .............. 168
12.1.2 Spatial models ................................... 169
12.1.3 A model of models ................................ 170
12.2 Choremes ................................................ 172
12.2.1 Territorial controls ............................. 176
12.2.2 Tropisms ......................................... 178
12.2.3 Spatial dynamics ................................. 181
12.3 The syntax of choremes or the linguistics of
geography ............................................... 183
12.3.1 Signs ............................................ 183
12.3.2 Grammatical rules ................................ 184
12.3.3 Pro-positions .................................... 185
12.3.4 Social relativity ................................ 186
12.3.5 Conclusion: this and all other woods ............. 188
Chapter 13. Model Maps and Choremes .......................... 191
13.1 Models and choremes ..................................... 191
13.2 The rules of art ........................................ 192
13.3 The procedure ........................................... 194
13.4 "In Poland, i.e. nowhere" (A. Jarry) .................... 195
13.5 The language of maps .................................... 198
13.6 Bibliography and References ............................. 199
Chapter 14. Models in Geography?A Sense to Research .......... 201
14.1 What is a model? ........................................ 202
14.2 Refutations ............................................. 205
14.3 From theoretical practice to necessary hypotheses ....... 208
14.4 Requirements of modeling ................................ 210
14.5 Conclusion .............................................. 214
Chapter 15. Mediterranean Models ............................. 217
15.1 The lake ................................................ 218
15.2 The focus ............................................... 218
15.3 The straight ............................................ 219
15.4 The isthmus ............................................. 220
15.5 The crescents ........................................... 221
15.6 The barrier ............................................. 221
15.7 The chott ............................................... 221
Chapter 16. The Aquitaine Region as a Corner ................. 223
16.1 The southwest corner of France .......................... 223
16.2 Openings to seize ....................................... 226
16.3 Dissymmetries of nature ................................. 229
16.4 Two urban systems ....................................... 231
16.5 Regions and resources ................................... 234
Chapter 17. Structural Dynamic of the City of Tours
(France) ......................................... 239
17.1 Administrative center of a province on a Paris radius ... 241
17.2 The Val effect .......................................... 243
17.3 The metropolization and the network star ................ 244
17.4 Tours: social inequalities .............................. 248
Chapter 18. Analysis and Representation of Spatial
Organizations: A Few Models ...................... 253
18.1 Openings ................................................ 253
18.2 Color images ............................................ 263
18.3 Other illustrations ..................................... 263
Part 4. Scales of Globalization and Moving Europe ............ 267
Part 4. Introduction ......................................... 269
Chapter 19. Ways, Forms, and Figures of Globalization ........ 271
19.1 Economic globalization .................................. 272
19.2 The global village ...................................... 273
19.3 Global ecology .......................................... 275
19.4 How globalization changes the world ..................... 277
19.5 Re-differentiations and polycentrism .................... 280
19.6 Contradictions and permanencies ......................... 282
19.7 Representations ......................................... 283
Chapter 20. Aspects of Globalization: the Diamond
Revolution ....................................... 287
20.1 The De Beers empire: a heritage of British
imperialism ............................................. 287
20.1.1 A very elaborate monopoly ........................ 287
20.1.2 A very unique product, an imperial desire ........ 289
20.2 After globalization by monopoly, polycentric
globalization ........................................... 291
20.2.1. The discovery of the synthetic diamond .......... 291
20.2.2 The new cutting and decision centers ............. 292
20.2.3 The new mines .................................... 293
20.2.4 The intrusion of mining societies ................ 294
20.2.5 The transformation of South Africa ............... 295
20.2.6 The African dramas ............................... 295
20.2.7 The smell of blood and the search for purity ..... 296
20.3 Rupture and uncertainties at the turn of the
millennium .............................................. 296
20.3.1 A new De Beers ................................... 297
20.3.2 Diversified globalization ........................ 297
Chapter 21. European Fields and Mainlines .................... 299
21.1 The peninsula of the old continent ...................... 299
21.2 The European backbone ................................... 301
21.3 The Ring ................................................ 302
21.4 The European trellis .................................... 304
21.5 Centralities, barriers and new found solidarities ....... 306
21.6 Conclusions ............................................. 308
21.7 Appendix: Blue Banana ................................... 308
Chapter 22. Transnational Urban Systems in Europe: Towards
a New Modernity .................................. 311
22.1 Europe as a milieu ...................................... 313
22.2 Can transnational city systems help Europe? ............. 315
22.3 Conclusions ............................................. 322
Chapter 23. Russia in Revolutions ............................ 325
Part 5. Geography into the City Prospects .................... 333
Part 5. Introduction ......................................... 335
Chapter 24. Regaining Reason ................................. 337
24.1 El sueño de la razón .................................... 337
24.2 Unsustainable city ...................................... 338
24.3 Territories in competition .............................. 339
24.4 Si les signes vous faschent ............................. 340
24.5 The marshland of Entelechies ............................ 341
24.6 Serio ludere ............................................ 342
Chapter 25. What is Geography? ............................... 343
25.1 The field of geography .................................. 343
25.2 Geography as a science .................................. 345
25.3 Geographies ............................................. 347
25.4 Geography as an established fact ........................ 351
25.5 Applied geography ....................................... 353
Chapter 26. Geography in the Public Place .................... 355
26.1 As an increased desire for geography .................... 355
26.2 Five equations for fractions of society ................. 356
26.3 Geography as Janus: two sides of the profession ......... 358
26.4 Currents and patterns, or navigating without sinking .... 360
26.5 For socially useful works ............................... 362
26.6 Conclusion .............................................. 364
Chapter 27. Geography and Human Rights ....................... 365
27.1 The difference .......................................... 365
27.2 Resorting to nature ..................................... 367
27.3 The revealing space ..................................... 368
27.4 Conclusion .............................................. 370
Chapter 28. Dimensions of Sustainable Development ............ 371
28.1 The scale of sustainable development is global .......... 372
28.2 Worldwide contradictions of sustainable development ..... 374
28.3 Local scale: untenable "sustainable city" ............... 378
28.4 The intermediate scales ................................. 380
28.5 Conclusions ............................................. 382
Conclusion. Along the Way .................................... 383
Index ........................................................ 385
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