1 E-pH Diagrams ................................................ 3
1 Introduction .............................................. 3
2 The Na E-pH Diagram ....................................... 4
3 The Al E-pH Diagram ....................................... 9
4 The Fe E-pH Diagram ..................................... 16
5 The V E-pH Diagram ....................................... 20
6 The HOH E-pH Diagram ..................................... 25
2 The Construction of E-pH Diagrams ........................... 27
1 Introduction ............................................. 27
2 Constructing the Ga E-pH Diagram ......................... 28
3 Constructing the Ga E-pH Diagram with Concentration
Variations ............................................... 33
4 Constructing the Mn E-pH Diagram ......................... 35
5 E-pH Computer Programs ................................... 40
6 Species Selection and Treatment .......................... 41
3 Reactions and Applications .................................. 47
1 Introduction ............................................. 47
2 Reactions with HOH ....................................... 48
3 The Mn-Fe-HOH System (Excess Mn Species) ................. 53
4 The Mn-Fe-HOH System (Excess Fe Species) ................. 59
5 Combining Redox Reactions ................................ 61
6 The НОН E-pH Diagram Revisited ........................... 63
7 General Conclusions ...................................... 65
4 Precipitation and Complexation .............................. 66
1 Introduction ............................................. 66
2 Precipitation and E-pH Diagrams .......................... 67
3 Addition of Cl- to the AgE-pH System ..................... 68
4 Addition of S-2 to the Zn E-pH System .................... 74
5 Review of Complexation and Complex Species ............... 82
6 Complexation and E-pH Diagrams ........................... 85
7 Addition of Cl- to the Pd E-pH System to Form PdC14-2 ..... 86
8 Multiple Complexes and E-pH Diagrams ..................... 90
5 The Lithium Group ........................................... 97
1 Introduction ............................................. 97
2 Lithium (Li) 2s1 ......................................... 98
3 Sodium (Na) 3s1 ......................................... 102
4 Potassium (K) 4s1 ....................................... 108
5 Rubidium (Rb) 5s1 ....................................... 113
6 Cesium (Cs) 6s1 ......................................... 118
7 Francium (Fr) 7s1 ....................................... 123
8 The Ammonium Ion (NH4+) ................................. 124
6 The Beryllium Group ........................................ 129
1 Introduction ............................................ 129
2 Beryllium (Be) 2s2 ...................................... 130
3 Magnesium (Mg) 3s2 ...................................... 133
4 Calcium (Ca) 4s2 ........................................ 137
5 Strontium (Sr) 5s2 ...................................... 141
6 Barium (Ba) 6s2 ......................................... 144
7 Radium (Ra) 7s2 ......................................... 148
7 The Boron Group ............................................ 150
1 Introduction ............................................ 150
2 Boron (B) 2s22p1 ........................................ 151
3 Aluminum (Al) 3s23p1 .................................... 155
4 Gallium (Ga) 4s24p1 ..................................... 160
5 Indium (In) 5s25p1 ...................................... 163
6 Thallium (Tl) 6s26p1 .................................... 167
8 The Carbon Group ........................................... 173
1 Introduction ............................................ 173
2 Carbon (C) 2s22p2 ....................................... 174
3 Silicon (Si) 3s23p2 ..................................... 183
4 Germanium (Ge) 4s24p2 ................................... 187
5 Tin (Sn) 5s25p2 ......................................... 191
6 Lead (Pb) 6s26p2 ........................................ 195
9 The Nitrogen Group ......................................... 200
1 Introduction ............................................ 200
2 Nitrogen (N) 2s22p3 ..................................... 200
3 Phosphorus (P) 3s23p3 ................................... 205
4 Arsenic (As) 4s24p3 ..................................... 209
5 Antimony (Sb) 5s25p3 .................................... 213
6 Bismuth (Bi) 6s26p3 ..................................... 216
10 The Oxygen Group ........................................... 221
1 Introduction ............................................ 221
2 Oxygen (O) 2s22p4 ....................................... 221
3 Sulfur (S) 3s23p4 ....................................... 228
4 Selenium (Se) 4s24p4 .................................... 232
5 Tellurium (Те) 5s25p4 ................................... 235
6 Polonium (Po) 6s26p4 .................................... 240
11 The Fluorine Group ......................................... 245
1 Introduction ............................................ 245
2 Fluorine (F) 2s22p5 ..................................... 245
3 Chlorine (CI) 3s23p5 .................................... 248
4 Bromine (Br) 4s24p5 ..................................... 251
5 Iodine (I) 5s25p5 ....................................... 254
6 Astatine (At) 6s26p5 .................................... 258
12 The Scandium Group ......................................... 261
1 Introduction ............................................ 261
2 Occurrences ............................................. 263
3 Discoveries ............................................. 263
4 Scandium (Sc) 4s23d1 .................................... 264
5 The Lanthanoids (La-Lu) 6s25d0-14fn, Including Y,
5s24d1 (All Referred to as Ln) .......................... 267
6 Actinium (Ac) 6s25d1 .................................... 287
13 The Ti Group and the 5B, 6B, 7B and 8B Heavy Elements ...... 288
1 General Introduction .................................... 288
2 Introduction to the Insoluble-oxide Elements: Ti, Zr,
Hf, Nb, Та .............................................. 288
3 Titanium (Ti) 4s23d2 .................................... 289
4 Zirconium (Zr) 5s24d2 and Hafnium (Hf) 6s25d2 ............ 292
5 Niobium (Nb) 5s24d3 ..................................... 296
6 Tantalum (Та) 6s25d3 .................................... 299
7 Introduction to the High Oxidation State Oxyanion
Elements: Mo, W, Tc, Re ................................. 301
8 Molybdenum (Mo) 5s14d5 .................................. 301
9 Tungsten (W) 6s15d5 ..................................... 304
10 Rhenium (Re) 6s25d5 .................................... 307
11 Technetium (Tc) 5s24d5 ................................. 310
12 Introduction to the Noble Metal Elements: Ru, Rh, Pd,
Os, Ir, Pt ............................................. 312
13 Ruthenium (Ru) 5s14d7 .................................. 315
14 Osmium (Os) 6s25d6 ..................................... 319
15 Rhodium (Rh) 5s14d8 .................................... 319
16 Iridium (Ir) 6s25d7 .................................... 324
17 Palladium (Pd) 5504d10 ................................. 327
18 Platinum (Pt) 6s15d9 ................................... 330
14 The V-Cr-Mn Group .......................................... 334
1 Introduction ............................................ 334
2 Vanadium (V) 4s23d3 ..................................... 334
3 Chromium (Cr) 4s13d5 .................................... 341
4 Manganese (Mn) 4s23d5 ................................... 346
15 The Fe-Co-Ni Group ......................................... 351
1 Introduction ............................................ 351
2 Iron (Fe) 4s23d6 ........................................ 351
3 Cobalt (Co) 4s23d7 ...................................... 358
4 Nickel (Ni) 4s23d8 ...................................... 362
16 The Cu Group ............................................... 368
1 Introduction ............................................ 368
2 Copper (Cu) 4s130 ....................................... 368
3 Silver (Ag)5s14d10 ....................................... 374
4 Gold(Au)6s15d10 .......................................... 379
17 The Zn Group ............................................... 383
1 Introduction ............................................ 383
2 Zinc (Zn) 4s23d10 ........................................ 383
3 Cadmium (Cd) 5s24d10 ..................................... 387
4 Mercury (Hg) 6s25d10 ..................................... 391
18 The Actinoid Metals ........................................ 397
1 Introduction ............................................ 397
2 Availabilities of the Elements .......................... 397
3 Discoveries and Extractions ............................. 399
4 Elements and Compounds .................................. 400
5 E-pH Diagrams ........................................... 407
6 Complexes ............................................... 413
7 Trans-lawrencium Elements ............................... 419
References ................................................. 421
Index ......................................................... 423
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