List of Figures ................................................ ix
List of Tables ................................................. xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
Introduction .................................................... 1
1 A Passion for Equality? ...................................... 9
1.1 Discipline and Punish .................................. 10
1.2 The Reasons for Sanction ............................... 14
1.2.1 Cooperation ..................................... 14
1.2.2 Envy ............................................ 15
1.2.3 Fairness ........................................ 16
1.2.4 Equality ........................................ 19
1.2.5 Unexpected Unfairness ........................... 23
1.2.6 The Logic of Punitive Emotions .................. 24
1.3 Normativity and Framing Expectations ................... 28
1.4 Intentions and Outcomes ................................ 32
1.5 From Conventions to Morality? .......................... 37
1.6 Normativity in the Brain ............................... 43
Conclusion .................................................. 49
2 Reversing Dominance Hierarchies ............................. 51
2.1 Dominance Hierarchies .................................. 52
2.2 Social Cognition ....................................... 55
2.3 The Cement of Primate Society .......................... 58
2.4 How Joint Attention Transforms Our Expectations ........ 63
2.5 Paleolithic Public Goods Games ......................... 67
2.5.1 Ecological Flexibility .......................... 68
2.5.2 Shifting Diet ................................... 70
2.5.3 Investing in the Future ......................... 74
2.5.4 Painful Delivery and Immature Children .......... 78
2.5.5 Sexual Revolution in the Savannah ............... 80
2.5.6 Supporting the Incapacitated .................... 83
2.6 Cooperative Feeding versus Cooperative Breeding ........ 84
Conclusion .................................................. 90
3 Homo sapiens in Perspective ................................. 91
3.1 Explaining the Evolution of the Mind and Behavior ...... 93
3.2 Modern Humans .......................................... 96
3.2.1 Modern Human Expansion .......................... 97
3.3 Modern Brains ......................................... 100
3.4 Modern Behaviors ...................................... 105
3.4.1 Modern Africans ................................ 106
3.4.2 Modern North Africans? ......................... 109
3.4.3 Modern South Africans? ......................... 110
3.4.4 Modern Neanderthals? ........................... 112
3.5 Modern Cognition ...................................... 116
3.5.1 Brain Evolution and Phases of Innovation
in Africa ...................................... 117
3.5.2 Early Innovations in the MSA ................... 121
3.6 The Symbolic Species .................................. 123
3.6.1 Ontogeny and Perspective Taking ................ 127
3.6.2 Modernity in Perspective ....................... 130
Conclusion ................................................. 135
4 Hierarchy without the State ................................ 138
4.1 Lumpers, Splitters, and the Evolution of Human
Societies ............................................. 140
4.2 Neo-Evolutionary Typologies ........................... 143
4.3 Making Sense of Functionalism ......................... 147
4.4 Social Integration among Primates ..................... 152
4.5 Group Size and the Costs of Sanction .................. 157
4.6 Beyond the Band ....................................... 162
4.6.1 The Logic of Corporate Groups .................. 164
4.6.2 The Social Division of Sanction ................ 166
4.7 The Evolution of Societies and the Evolution
of the Mind ........................................... 170
4.8 Inequality of What? ................................... 175
4.9 The Persistence of Injustice ........................... 181
5 The Origins of the State ................................... 188
5.1 The Origins of the State .............................. 191
5.1.1 The Class Struggle Hypothesis .................. 193
5.1.2 The Agricultural Hypothesis .................... 194
5.1.3 The Hydraulic Hypothesis ....................... 195
5.1.4 The Warfare Hypothesis ......................... 196
5.1.5 The Circumscription Hypothesis ................. 196
5.1.6 The King's Men Hypothesis ...................... 198
5.2 What Causes the Transition to Statehood? .............. 201
5.3 Gratitude and Voluntary Servitude ..................... 203
5.4 Group Size and the Functional State ................... 207
5.5 Partial Transition and Reversals ...................... 211
5.6 Democratizing Cold Monsters ........................... 215
5.7 Building Modern Democracy ............................. 221
Conclusion .................................................... 225
Conclusion .................................................... 227
References .................................................... 231
Index ......................................................... 261
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