Introductory remarks ......................................... 9
Introduction ................................................ 10
1 Overview .................................................... 13
1.1 Classification and definition .......................... 13
1.2 Genesis of Placers ..................................... 14
1.3 Extraction and Processing .............................. 18
1.4 Notes on Prospecting and Exploration ................... 19
1.5 General References ..................................... 20
2 Ilmenite and leucoxene ...................................... 23
2.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry ..................... 23
2.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences .................. 25
2.3 Applications ........................................... 27
2.4 Substitutes ............................................ 38
2.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ................................................ 38
2.6 Deposit size and reserves .............................. 47
2.7 Important producing countries .......................... 51
2.8 References ............................................. 52
3 Rutile ...................................................... 55
3.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry ..................... 55
3.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences .................. 55
3.3 Applications ........................................... 57
3.4 Substitutes ............................................ 57
3.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ................................................ 57
3.6 Deposit size and reserves .............................. 63
3.7 Important producing countries .......................... 65
3.8 References ............................................. 67
4 Zircon ...................................................... 69
4.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry ..................... 69
4.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences .................. 70
4.3 Applications ........................................... 70
4.4 Substitutes ............................................ 75
4.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ................................................ 75
4.6 Deposit size and reserves .............................. 83
4.7 Important producing countries .......................... 85
4.8 References ............................................. 88
5 Monazite and xenotime ....................................... 91
5.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry ..................... 91
5.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences .................. 93
5.3 Applications ........................................... 93
5.4 Substitutes ........................................... 100
5.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 100
5.6 Deposit size and reserves ............................. 104
5.7 Important producing countries ......................... 106
5.8 References ............................................ 108
6 Kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite ........................ 111
6.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry .................... 111
6.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences ................. 112
6.3 Applications .......................................... 114
6.4 Substitutes ........................................... 115
6.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 116
6.6 Deposit size and reserves ............................. 121
6.7 Important producing countries ......................... 124
6.8 References ............................................ 125
7 Staurolite ................................................. 127
7.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry .................... 127
7.2 Formation of deposits ................................. 127
7.3 Applications .......................................... 127
7.4 Substitutes ........................................... 129
7.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 129
7.6 Deposit size andreserves .............................. 133
7.7 Important producing countries ......................... 133
7.8 References ............................................ 134
8 Garnet ..................................................... 135
8.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry .................... 135
8.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences ................. 137
8.3 Applications .......................................... 139
8.4 Substitutes ........................................... 143
8.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 143
8.6 Deposit size and reserves ............................. 153
8.7 Important producing country and occurrences ........... 154
8.8 References ............................................ 157
9 Chromite ................................................... 161
9.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry .................... 161
9.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences ................. 161
9.3 Applications .......................................... 164
9.4 Substitutes ........................................... 167
9.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 167
9.6 Deposit size andreserves .............................. 173
9.7 Important producing countries ......................... 174
9.8 References ............................................ 174
10 Magnetite .................................................. 177
10.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry ................... 177
10.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences ................ 178
10.3 Applications ......................................... 182
10.4 Substitutes .......................................... 182
10.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) .............................................. 183
10.6 Deposit size and reserves ............................ 185
10.7 Important producing countries ........................ 185
10.8 References ........................................... 186
11 Cassiterite ................................................ 189
11.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry .................... 189
11.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences ................. 189
11.3 Applications .......................................... 193
11.4 Substitutes ........................................... 193
11.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 193
11.6 Deposit size and reserves ............................. 195
11.7 Important producing countries ......................... 195
11.8 References ............................................ 196
12 Columbite-tantalite ........................................ 199
12.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry .................... 199
12.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences ................. 200
12.3 Applications .......................................... 200
12.4 Substitutes ........................................... 201
12.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 201
12.6 Deposit size and reserves ............................. 202
12.7 Important producing countries ......................... 204
12.8 References ............................................ 204
13 Wolframite and scheelite ................................... 207
13.1 Mineralogy, petrography, chemistry .................... 207
13.2 Formation of deposits and occurrences ................. 208
13.3 Applications .......................................... 210
13.4 Substitutes ........................................... 210
13.5 Raw material and quality specifications (reference
values) ............................................... 210
13.6 Deposit size and reserves ............................ 216
13.7 Important producing countries ......................... 217
13.8 References ............................................ 218
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