Illustrations and Tables ...................................... xii
Preface ....................................................... xiv
Format, Transcription, and Citation System .................. xviii
Abbreviations ................................................ xxii
Part I. The Anavatapta-gatha and Its New Gāndhārī Versions
I The Anavatapta-gāthā and Its Place in Buddhist
Literature ................................................ 5
I.1.1 Contents and Character of the Text ................ 5
I.1.2 Structure of the Text ............................. 8
I.1.3 Title ............................................. 9
I.1.4 Date ............................................. 11
I.1.5 Sectarian Affiliations ........................... 13
I.1.6 Canonicity and Genre ............................. 15
I.1.7 Previous Editions and Studies .................... 18
I.2 Versions of the Anavatapta-gāthā ......................... 23
I.2.1 Texts of the Anavatapta-gāthā .................... 23
I.2.1.1 Independent Texts ...................... 23
I.2.1.1.1 The British Library
Manuscript ................. 23
I.2.1.1.2 The Senior Manuscript ...... 23
I.2.1.1.3 The Turfan Fragments ....... 24
I.2.1.1.4 Dharmarakṣa's Chinese
Translation ................ 25
I.2.1.2 The Version Incorporated into the
Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya
I.2.1.2.1 Sanskrit (Gilgit) Text ..... 27
I.2.1.2.2 Tibetan Text ............... 27
I.2.1.2.3 Chinese Text ............... 28
I.2.2 Quotations and Extracts from the Anavatapta-
gāthā ............................................ 28
I.2.2.1 Quotations and Extracts in Pali
Texts .................................. 28
I.2.2.1.1 Apadāna .................... 28
I.2.2.1.2 Theragāthā ................. 29
I.2.2.1.3 Nettippakaraṇa ............. 30
I.2.2.2 Citations in Sanskrit and Chinese
Texts .................................. 32
I.2.2.2.1 Kaṭhināvadāna .............. 32
I.2.2.2.2 Versions and Citations of
the Buddha's Recitation .... 33
I.2.2.2.3 Other Citations and
Paraphrases of Individual
Verses ..................... 35
I.3 Compositional History of the Anavatapta-gāthā ............ 38
I.3.1 Ordering and Inclusion of Chapters in the
Different Versions ............................... 38
I.3.2 Textual Status of Chapters XXXII-XXXVI in the
Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya Version .................. 42
I.3.3 Compositional Character of the Anavatapta-gāthā
and Related Texts ................................ 46
I.3.4 Extracts and Anthologies of the Anavatapta-
gāthā ............................................ 47
I.3.5 The Recitation of the Buddha and the
Recitations of the Disciples ..................... 50
I.3.6 The Incorporation and Expansion of the
Anavatapta-gāthā in the Mūlasarvāstivāda-
vinaya ........................................... 51
I.3.6.1 Incorporation .......................... 51
I.3.6.2 Expansion .............................. 54
I.3.7 Conclusion ....................................... 56
I.4 Comparison of the Recensions of the Anavatapta-gāthā ..... 58
I.4.1 Patterns of Textual Variation among the
Recensions ....................................... 58
I.4.2 Comparison of Readings of the Indic Recensions ... 60
I.4.2.1 Comparison of the Gāndhārī, Gilgit,
and Turfan Texts ....................... 60
I.4.2.2 Comparison of the Gāndhārī, Gilgit,
and Pali Texts ......................... 64
I.4.2.3 A Four-Way Comparison: The Gāndhārī,
Gilgit, Turfan, and Pali Texts ......... 70
I.4.3 Comparisons with the Non-Indie Recensions ........ 74
I.4.3.1 Comparison of Chapter Structures ....... 74
I.4.3.2 Comparison of Readings ................. 77
I.4.4 Some Tentative Conclusions ....................... 79
Part II The British Library Manuscript of the Anavatapta-
gāthā: British Library Kharoṣṭhi Fragment .............. 1
II.1 Description of the Manuscript ............................ 83
II.1.1 Format and Construction .......................... 83
II.1.2. Textual Contents and Layout ...................... 87
II.1.3 Date of the Manuscript ........................... 88
II.1.4. Reconstruction of the Scroll ..................... 88
II.1.5 Catalog of Fragments ............................. 89
II.2 Paleography and Orthography .............................. 93
II.2.1 Paleography ...................................... 93
II.2.1.1 Writing Technique (by Andrew Glass) .... 93
II.2.1.2 Previously Unattested Characters ....... 93
II.2.2 Orthography ...................................... 95
II.2.2.1 General Orthographic Principles ........ 95
II.2.2.2 Other Orthographic Features ............ 96
II.2.3 Punctuation ...................................... 98
II.2.4 Errors and Corrections ........................... 99
II.2.4.1 Omitted and Superfluous Syllables ...... 99
II.2.4.2 Altered, Corrected, and Abnormally
Formed Syllables ....................... 99
II.2.4.3 Miscellaneous Scribal Errors .......... 100
II.2.4.4 Graphic Alternation of α and u ........ 100
II.3 Phonology ............................................... 102
II.3.0 General Comments ................................ 102
II.3.1 Vowels .......................................... 102
II.3.1.1 Changes Affecting Original a and
Combinations Thereof .................. 102
II.3.1.2 Changes Affecting Original ā .......... 103
II.3.1.3 Changes Affecting Original  and e .... 104
II.3.1.4 Changes Affecting Original  and о .... 104
II.3.1.5 Developments of OIA ṛ ................. 105
II.3.2 Consonants ...................................... 106
II.3.2.1 Developments of Intervocalic
Consonants ............................ 107
II.3.2.1.1 Overview .................. 107
II.3.2.1.2 Velars .................... 108
II.3.2.1.3 Palatals .................. 110
II.3.2.1.4 Retroflexes ............... 111
II.3.2.1.5 Dentals ................... 111
II.3.2.1.6 Labials ................... 114
II.3.2.1.7 Semivowels ................ 116
II.3.2.1.8 Sibilants and h ........... 117
II.3.2.2 Consonant Clusters .................... 117
II.3.2.2.1 Stop + Stop Clusters ...... 119
II.3.2.2.2 Consonant + Semivowel
Clusters .................. 119
II.3.2.2.3 Semivowel + Consonant
Clusters .................. 122
II.3.2.2.4 Clusters with Sibilants ... 123
II.3.2.2.4.1 Consonant + Sibilant
Clusters .............. 123
II.3.2.2.4.2 Sibilant + Consonant
Clusters .............. 124
II.3.2.2.5 Stop + Nasal Clusters ..... 126
II.3.3 Sandhi .......................................... 127
II.3.3.1 Vowel Sandhi .......................... 127
II.3.3.2 Inorganic Sandhi Consonants ........... 128
II.3.4 Syllabic Contraction ............................ 128
II.3.5 Other Rhotic Phenomena .......................... 129
II.3.5.1 Intrusive and Anticipatory r .......... 129
II.3.5.2 Metathesis of r ....................... 130
II.3.6 Anaptyxis (Svarabhakti) ......................... 131
II.4 Morphology and Syntax ................................... 132
II.4.6 General Comments ................................ 132
II.4.1 Nominal Forms ................................... 132
II.4.1.1 Stems in α, Masculine and Neuter ...... 132
II.4.1.1.1 Nominative Singular
Masculine ................. 133
II.4.1.1.2 Nominative Singular
Neuter .................... 135
II.4.1.1.3 Accusative Singular
Masculine ................. 136
II.4.1.1.4 Accusative Singular
Neuter .................... 137
II.4.1.1.5 Oblique Cases, Singular ... 138
II.4.1.1.6 Nominative Plural
Masculine ................. 140
II.4.1.1.7 Nominative Plural
Neuter .................... 140
II.4.1.1.8 Accusative Plural
Masculine ................. 141
II.4.1.1.9 Accusative Plural
Neuter .................... 141
II.4.1.1.10 Oblique Cases, Plural ..... 141
II.4.1.2 Feminine Stems in Original ā .......... 141
II.4.1.3 Stems in Original i, ī, and in ........ 142
II.4.1.3.1 Masculine Stems in i/in ... 142
II.4.1.3.2 Neuter Stems in i ......... 142
II.4.1.3.3 Feminine Stems in i/ī ..... 142
II.4.1.4 Stems in u ............................ 143
II.4.1.5 Stems in Original  ................... 143
II.4.1.6 Bhate ................................. 144
II.4.1.7 Original Consonantal Stems ............ 144
II.4.1.7.1 Stems in Original as ...... 144
II.4.1.7.2 Stems in Original ant ..... 144
II.4.1.7.3 Other Consonantal Stems ... 145
II.4.1.8 Nominal Compounds ..................... 145
II.4.2 Pronouns ........................................ 146
II.4.2.1 First-Person Pronoun .................. 146
II.4.2.2 Second-Person Pronoun ................. 146
II.4.2.3 Third-Person/Demonstrative Pronouns ... 146
II.4.2.3.1 Base sa-/ta- .............. 146
II.4.2.3.2 Base eṣa-feta- ............ 148
II.4.2.3.3 Base aya-/ida-/ima- ....... 148
II.4.2.4 Relative Pronoun ...................... 148
II.4.2.5 Interrogative Pronoun ................. 149
II.4.2.6 Reflexive Pronoun ..................... 149
11.4.3 Numerals ........................................ 149
II.4.3.1 Cardinal Numerals ..................... 149
II.4.3.2 Ordinal Numerals ...................... 150
II.4.4 Indeclinables and Adverbs ....................... 150
II.4.4.1 Indeclinable Particles and
Conjunctions .......................... 150
II.4.4.2 Adverbs ............................... 151
II.4.5 Verbs ........................................... 151
II.4.5.1 Present Tense ......................... 151
II.4.5.2 Optative .............................. 151
II.4.5.3 Imperative ............................ 152
II.4.5.4 Future and Conditional Future ......... 152
II.4.5.5 Preterites ............................ 153
II.4.5.5.1 General Observations ....... 153
II.4.5.5.2 Aorists in -i ............. 154
II.4.5.5.3 Aorists in -iṣu/-isu ...... 154
II.4.5.5.4 Aorists in -se and -ṣe .... 156
II.4.5.5.5 Thematic Aorists .......... 157
II.4.5.5.6 Causative-Type Aorists
in -ae and -eṣi ........... 157
II.4.5.5.7 Preterites Derived from
OIA Imperfect and
Perfect ................... 158
II.4.5.5.8 Verbs with Multiple
Preterite Formations ...... 159
II.4.5.5.9 Periphrastic Preterites ... 159
II.4.5.5.2 CONTENTS
II.4.5.6 Absolutives (Gerunds) ................. 159
II.4.5.7 Participles ........................... 160
II.4.5.7.1 Present Participles ....... 160
II.4.5.7.2 Past Participles .......... 161
II.4.5.7.3 Future Passive
Participles
(Gerundives) .............. 161
II.4.5.8 Secondary Conjugations ................ 161
II.4.5.8.1 Causatives ................ 161
II.4.5.8.2 Desideratives ............. 162
II.4.5.8.3 Intensives ................ 162
II.4.6 Syntax .......................................... 162
II.4.6.1 Case Usage ............................ 162
II.4.6.2 Verbal Constructions .................. 163
II.5 Meter ................................................... 164
II.5.1 Problems in Scansion and Analysis of Gāndhārī
Meter ........................................... 164
II.5.2 Patterns of Śloka Meter in the British Library
Anavatapta-gāthā ................................ 166
II.5.2.1 Openings .............................. 167
II.5.2.2 Cadences .............................. 167
II.5.2.3 Hypermetric and Hypometric Pādas ...... 169
II.5.3 Effects of the Translation Process on Meter ..... 171
II.5.3.1 Effects of Gāndhārī Phonology ......... 171
II.5.3.2 The Meter of the Sanskrit
Anavatapta-gāthā ...................... 171
II.6 British Library Anavatapta-gāthā: Text,
Reconstruction, and Translation ......................... 173
II.7 British Library Anavatapta-gāthā: Annotated Text
Edition ................................................. 187
II.7.1 The Recitation of Nanda (ṇadu) .................. 187
II.7.2 The Recitation of Śroṇa (rś(<*o>)ṇo) ............ 205
II.7.3 The Recitation of Yaśas (yaśo) .................. 220
II.7.4 The Recitation of Bharadvaja (bharvayo) ......... 259
II.7.5 The Recitation of Vāgīśa (bakia) ................ 276
II.7.6 The Recitation of Nandika (ṇadio) ............... 300
II.7.7 The Recitation of Kusuma/Sumanas (kusumd) ....... 313
Part III. The Senior Manuscript of the Anavatapta-gāthā:
Senior Scroll ....................................... 314
III.1 Description of the Manuscript ........................... 329
III.1.1. Format and Construction ........................ 329
III.1.2 Textual Contents and Layout ..................... 330
III.1.3 Date of the Manuscript .......................... 331
III.1.4 Reconstruction of the Scroll .................... 331
III.2 Paleography and Orthography ............................. 333
III.2.1 Paleography ..................................... 333
III.2.2 Orthography ..................................... 333
III.2.2.1 Notation of Intervocalic Velars and
Dentals ............................... 333
III.2.2.2 Notation of Non-intervocalic
Dentals ............................... 333
III.2.2.3 Representation of Nasals .............. 335
III.2.2.4 Distribution of s and s ............... 335
III.2.2.5 Omission of Vowel Signs and Other
Anomalous Spellings ................... 336
III.3 Phonology ............................................... 337
III.3.0 General Comments ................................ 337
III.3.1 Vowels .......................................... 337
III.3.2 Consonants ...................................... 337
III.3.2.1 Developments of Intervocalic
Consonants ............................ 337
III.3.2.1.1 Velars .................... 338
III.3.2.1.2 Palatals .................. 339
III.3.2.1.3 Retroflexes ............... 339
III.3.2.1.4 Dentals ................... 339
III.3.2.1.5 Labials ................... 340
III.3.2.1.6 Semivowels ................ 340
III.3.2.1.7 Sibilants and h ........... 340
III.3.2.2 Irregular Treatment of Aspiration ..... 340
III.3.2.3 Consonant Clusters .................... 341
III.3.2.3.1 Stop + Stop Clusters ...... 341
III.3.2.3.2 Consonant + Semivowel
Clusters .................. 341
III.3.2.3.3 Semivowel + Consonant
Clusters .................. 342
III.3.2.3.4 Clusters with Sibilants ... 342
III.3.2.3.4.1 Consonant +
Sibilant Clusters .... 342
III.3.2.3.4.2 Sibilant +
Consonant Clusters ... 342
III.3.3 Sandhi .......................................... 343
III.3.4 Metathesis ...................................... 343
III.4 Morphology .............................................. 344
III.4.0 General Comments ................................ 344
III.4.1 Nominal Forms ................................... 344
III.4.1.1 Stems in a, Masculine and Neuter ...... 344
III.4.1.1.1 Nominative Singular
Masculine ................. 345
III.4.1.1.2 Nominative Singular
Neuter .................... 345
III.4.1.1.3 Accusative Singular
Masculine ................. 345
III.4.1.1.4 Nominative and
Accusative Plural
Masculine and Neuter ...... 345
III.4.1.1.5 Oblique Cases ............. 345
III.4.1.2 Feminine Stems in Original ā .......... 345
III.4.1.3 Stems in i and ī ...................... 345
III.4.1.4 Stems in u ............................ 346
III.4.1.5 Original Consonant Stems .............. 346
III.4.1.5.1 Stems in Original in ...... 346
III.4.1.5.2 Stems in Original as ...... 346
III.4.1.5.3 Stems in Original us ...... 346
III.4.1.5.4 Stems in Original vant .... 346
III.4.1.6 Nominal Compounds ..................... 346
III.4.2 Pronouns, Pronominals, and Numerals ............. 346
III.4.2.1 Personal Pronouns ..................... 346
III.4.2.2 Third-Person/Demonstrative Pronouns ... 346
III.4.2.3 Relative Pronoun ...................... 347
III.4.3 Numerals ........................................ 347
III.4.4 Indeclinables and Adverbs ....................... 347
III.4.5 Verbs ........................................... 347
III.4.5.1 Present Tense ......................... 347
III.4.5.2 Imperative ............................ 347
III.4.5.3 Future ................................ 347
III.4.5.4 Preterite ............................. 347
III.4.5.5 Absolutives (Gerunds) ................. 348
III.4.5.6 Past Participles ...................... 348
III.5 Meter ................................................... 349
III.5.1 Presentation of Data ............................ 349
III.5.2 Analysis ........................................ 349
III.5.3 Comparisons and Conclusions ..................... 350
III.6 Senior Anavatapta-gāthā: Text and Translation ........... 352
111.7 Senior Anavatapta-gāthā: Annotated Text Edition ......... 355
Appendix 1: Text and Translation of Mahākāsyapa's Recitation
from the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts ............... 404
Appendix 2: Concordance of Verses in Mahākāśyapa's
Recitation ........................................ 413
References .................................................... 415
Word Index to the AG-GL ....................................... 423
Word Index to the AG-GS ....................................... 441
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