Foreword ....................................................... xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................ xv
Section I Examination of the Retina
1 Anatomy of the Eye ........................................... 3
2 Normal Fundus ................................................ 6
3 Ophthalmoscopy Made Simple .................................. 10
4 Dilation of Pupil ........................................... 19
5 Pearls ...................................................... 20
Section II Clinical Signs in the Retina and Differential
Diagnosis
6 Retinal Hemorrhages ......................................... 25
7 Hard Exudates ............................................... 30
8 Microaneurysms .............................................. 34
9 Cotton-Wool Spots ........................................... 36
10 Retinal Edema ............................................... 39
11 Retinal Neovascularization .................................. 41
12 Iris Neovascularization ..................................... 45
13 Retinal Emboli .............................................. 47
14 Retinal Crystal Deposition .................................. 50
15 Retinal Vascular Sheathing .................................. 53
16 Retinal Vascular Telangiectasis ............................. 55
17 Retinal Detachment .......................................... 56
18 Bull's-Eye Maculopathy ...................................... 61
19 Cherry-Red Spot at the Macula ............................... 63
20 Angioid Streaks ............................................. 65
21 Optic Disc Swelling ......................................... 67
22 Choroidal Folds ............................................. 69
23 Pigmented Lesions ........................................... 71
24 Chorioretinal Mass Lesions .................................. 76
25 Vitreous Opacities .......................................... 79
Section III The Retina in Systemic Disease
26 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders ........................... 85
Diabetic Retinopathy ........................................ 85
Thyroid Disorders .......................................... 109
27 Cardiovascular Disorders ................................... 1ll
Systemic Hypertension ...................................... 1ll
Central and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO and
BRAO) ...................................................... 119
Central and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO and
BRVO) ...................................................... 124
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm ............................. 128
Carotid Artery Disease (Ocular Ischemic Syndrome) .......... 130
Hyperlipidemia ............................................. 131
28 Infectious Diseases ........................................ 133
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ........................... 133
Cytomegalovirus Infections ................................. 134
Herpes Zoster Virus (HZV) and Herpes Simplex Virus
(HSV) ...................................................... 137
Tuberculosis ............................................... 140
Syphilis ................................................... 142
Lyme Disease ............................................... 144
Cat-Scratch Disease ........................................ 146
Bacteremia ................................................. 148
Nocardiosis ................................................ 150
Toxoplasmosis .............................................. 151
Histoplasmosis ............................................. 154
Cryptococcosis ............................................. 156
Fungemia ................................................... 157
Toxocariasis ............................................... 160
Cysticercosis .............................................. 163
Pneumocystis Carinii ....................................... 164
29 Neurologic Disorders ....................................... 165
Papilledema ................................................ 165
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor
Cerebri) ................................................... 170
Optic Neuritis ............................................. 172
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy .................................. 173
Toxic/Nutritional Optic Neuropathy ......................... 175
Hereditary Optic Neuropathy ................................ 176
Optic Nerve Atrophy ........................................ 178
Optic Disc Anomalies ....................................... 179
Terson Syndrome ............................................ 190
Vascular Malformations ..................................... 191
Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville Syndrome) .................. 198
30 Hematologic Disorders ...................................... 201
Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies ............................. 201
Hyperviscosity Syndrome .................................... 206
Hypercoagulable States ..................................... 208
Bleeding Disorders ......................................... 209
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) ............... 210
Anemia ..................................................... 211
31 Gastrointestinal Disorders ................................. 213
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ................................. 213
Whipple Disease ............................................ 214
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (Gardner Syndrome) .......... 215
Pancreatitis ............................................... 216
Liver Disease .............................................. 217
32 Pulmonary Disorders ........................................ 219
Sarcoidosis ................................................ 219
33 Skin Disorders ............................................. 224
Albinism ................................................... 224
Oculodermal Melanocytosis .................................. 228
Incontinentia Pigmenti (Block-Sulzberger Syndrome) ......... 230
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum ................................... 234
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome ..................................... 236
34 Rheumatologic Disorders .................................... 238
Retinal Vasculitis ......................................... 238
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ............................... 241
Wegener Granulomatosis ..................................... 242
Polyarteritis Nodosa ....................................... 243
Churg-Strauss Syndrome ..................................... 244
Giant Cell Arteritis ....................................... 245
Relapsing Polychondritis ................................... 245
Rheumatoid Arthritis ....................................... 246
Ankylosing Spondylitis ..................................... 248
Reiter Syndrome ............................................ 248
Sjogren Syndrome ........................................... 249
Juvenile Spondyloarthropathy (Juvenile Rheumatoid
Arthritis) ................................................. 249
Behcet Syndrome ............................................ 250
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome .............................. 251
Marfan Syndrome ............................................ 254
Stickler Syndrome .......................................... 255
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Maculopathy ............. 255
35 Oncology ................................................... 256
Choroidal Nevus ............................................ 256
Choroidal Melanoma ......................................... 257
Retinoblastoma ............................................. 261
Metastasis ................................................. 265
Leukemia ................................................... 269
Lymphoma ................................................... 272
Cancer-Associated Retinopathy .............................. 274
Radiation Retinopathy ...................................... 275
Bone Marrow Transplant-Associated Retinopathy .............. 277
Tamoxifen Retinopathy ...................................... 278
36 Otolaryngology ............................................. 280
Usher Syndrome ............................................. 280
Cogan Syndrome ............................................. 282
37 Pediatric Disorders ........................................ 283
Shaken Baby Syndrome/Child Abuse ........................... 283
Retinopathy of Prematurity ................................. 286
Congenital and Neonatal Infections ......................... 294
38 Pregnancy .................................................. 300
39 Drug-Related Retinopathy ................................... 303
Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)fChloroquine ................. 303
Phenothiazines ............................................. 305
Thioridazine (Mellaril) .................................... 305
Tamoxifen .................................................. 305
Canthaxanthine ............................................. 307
Interferon ................................................. 307
Isotretinoin (Accutane) .................................... 308
Methoxyflurane Anesthesia .................................. 308
Talc ....................................................... 309
Other Drug-Related Retinal and Optic Nerve Toxicities ...... 310
40 Retinal Disorders .......................................... 313
Age-Related Macular Degeneration ........................... 313
Choroidal (Subretinal) Neovascularization .................. 317
Retinal Detachment ......................................... 318
Retinitis Pigmentosa ....................................... 322
Macular Hole ............................................... 325
Pathologic Myopia .......................................... 326
Appendix A: Abbreviations of Retinal Terminology .............. 330
Appendix B: Glossary of Retinal Terminology ................... 332
Index ......................................................... 335
| 
