Influence of climate change on the changing Arctic and sub-Arctic conditions / ed. by J.C.J.Nihoul, A.G.Kostianoy. - Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. - xii, 232 p.: ill., maps. - (NATO science for peace and security series. Ser. C. Environmental security). - Incl. bibl. ref. - ISBN 078-1-4020-9458-3; ISSN 1874-6519  Место хранения:   06 | Якутский научный центр СО РАН | Якутск | Центральная научная библиотека Якутского научного центра СО РАН

Оглавление / Contents

Contributors ................................................... xi Overture ........................................................ 1 Jacques C.J. Nihoul and Louis Fortier Oceanography and surveillance of the rapidly changing Arctic and Sub-Arctic ........................................ 1 A problem of sovereignty and security ........................ 4 Global warming effects on the Arctic and Sub-Arctic Seas ........ 7 Jacques C.J. Nihoul The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) ......................... 7 TheNAO strange attractors ................................... 10 References .................................................. 12 The case for global warming in the Arctic ...................... 13 James E. Overland Introduction ................................................ 13 How do we know we are not wrong? ............................ 15 Arctic change ............................................... 16 Data ..................................................... 16 Models ................................................... 19 2007 sea ice loss - the fast track of Arctic change ...... 20 Conclusion .................................................. 22 References .................................................. 23 A coherency between the North Atlantic temperature nonlinear trend, the eastern Arctic ice extent drift and change in the atmospheric circulation regimes over the northern Eurasia ...... 25 Oleg M. Pokrovsky Introduction ................................................ 25 North Atlantic and Arctic SST trends ........................ 26 Modulation of the ice extent in Kara Sea .................... 27 Rapid increasing ofSST in Kara and Laptev Seas .............. 30 Modulation of the sea level pressure over northern Asia ..... 31 The Arctic dipole and North Siberian oscillation ............ 31 Changes in atmospheric circulation regimes .................. 33 Modulation of the surface air temperature ................... 33 Discussion and conclusion ................................... 34 References .................................................. 35 Mesoscale atmospheric vortices in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas: results of satellite multisensor study ................... 37 Leonid M. Mitnik Introduction ................................................ 37 Climatology ................................................. 38 Satellites and sensors ...................................... 40 Simulation of the AMSR-E brightness temperatures and retrieval algorithm development ............................. 41 Data ........................................................ 44 Mesoscale cyclones .......................................... 45 Okhotsk Sea .............................................. 45 Bering Sea ............................................... 50 Discussion and conclusions .................................. 53 References .................................................. 55 Recent sea ice ecosystem in the Arctic Ocean: a review ......... 57 Igor A. Melnikov Introduction ................................................ 57 Sea ice extent and thickness ................................ 59 Physical-chemical variables ................................. 61 Sea ice biota ............................................... 64 Discussion and conclusions .................................. 66 References .................................................. 70 The effects of irradiance and nutrient supply on the productivity of Arctic waters: a perspective on climate change ......................................................... 73 Jean-Éric Tremblay and Jonathan Gagnon Introduction ................................................ 73 Data mining ................................................. 75 General properties of the data set .......................... 76 The role of irradiance ...................................... 78 Onset of the productive season ........................... 79 Cumulative irradiance .................................... 80 The role of nutrients ....................................... 82 Allochthonous nitrate .................................... 82 The contribution of new and regenerated production ....... 85 Implications, perspectives and future research .............. 86 References .................................................. 89 Production of phytoplankton in the Arctic Seas and its response on recent warming ..................................... 95 Alexander A. Vetrov and Evgeny A. Romankevich Introduction ................................................ 95 Materials and methods ....................................... 96 Primary production .......................................... 97 Response on recent warming ................................. 103 Conclusions ................................................ 107 References ................................................. 108 Reconstruction of oceanic circulation using mineralogical and isotopical (Nd/Pb) signatures of deep sea sediments: the case study of the northern North Atlantic and some perspectives for the Arctic ................................... 109 Nathalie Fagel Introduction .................................................. 109 Present distribution of deep water masses in northern North Atlantic ............................................. 1ll Calibration of proxies on surface sediments from northern North Atlantic ............................................. 112 The clay mineralogical tool ............................. 112 The Nd and Pb isotopical tool ........................... 114 Results and discussion ..................................... 115 Holocene variability of deep current supplies ........... 115 Long term stability of deep current supplies (ODSP 646) .............................................. 117 Conclusion and perspectives ................................ 121 References ................................................. 122 Observing and interpreting the seasonal variability of the oceanographic fluxes passing through Lancaster Sound of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago ................................... 125 Simon Prinsenberg, Jim Hamilton, Ingrid Peterson and Roger Pettipas Introduction ............................................... 126 Mooring instrumentation .................................... 127 Ocean parameters ........................................... 128 Ice velocities, drafts and fluxes .......................... 132 Ocean fluxes ............................................... 135 Wind forcing ............................................... 137 Conclusion ................................................. 141 References ................................................. 142 River flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (РОС) to the Arctic Ocean: what are the consequences of the global changes? ........................... 145 Viacheslav V. Gordeev and Marina D. Kravchishina Introduction ............................................... 145 River water and sediment discharges ........................ 150 Probable increase of DOC concentration and flux by 2100 .... 151 Probable increase of РОС and TOC fluxes by 2100 ............ 154 Discussion ................................................. 155 Conclusion ................................................. 157 References ................................................. 158 Mechanisms of the recent sea ice decay in the Arctic Ocean related to the Pacific-to-Atlantic pathway .................... 161 Motoyoshi Ikeda Introduction ............................................... 161 Arctic pathway ............................................. 164 Wind-induced ice cover variability ......................... 166 Discussion ................................................. 168 References ................................................. 169 Frontal zones in the Norwegian, Greenland, Barents and Bering Seas ................................................... 171 Audrey G. Kostianoy and Jacques C.J. Nihoul Introduction ............................................... 171 Definitions ................................................ 174 Frontal zones in the Norwegian and Greenland seas .......... 176 Frontal zones in the Barents Sea ........................... 181 Frontal zones in the Bering Sea ............................ 184 Conclusions ................................................ 188 References ................................................. 189 How do the very small-sized aquatic microbes influence the very large-scale biogeochemical cycles? ....................... 191 Louis Legendre and Richard В. Rivkin Microbes in pelagic systems ................................ 191 Physiological characteristics, large standing stocks, and unique positions of microbes in pelagic food webs .......... 192 Food-web functioning ....................................... 197 Biogeochemical roles of microbes ........................... 200 Environmental effects, including climate change ............ 201 General conclusions ........................................ 205 References ................................................. 206 Social, economic, legal and political issues of the Russian Arctic ........................................................ 209 Igor S. Zonn The Arctic Zone of Russia (AZR) ............................ 209 The population of Russian Arctic ........................... 211 Oil and gas of Russian Arctic .............................. 212 Russian Arctic economy ..................................... 214 Arctic regional direction .................................. 214 Legal regional of Arctic ................................... 215 Sectoral principle ...................................... 215 The second "Internationalization" principle that was proposed still in the early 1970s is supported by USA, Norway, Denmark ......................................... 216 Legal hot spots in Arctic .................................. 216 Struggle for the Lomonosov Ridge ........................... 218 Conclusions ................................................ 219 References ................................................. 220 Two US programs during IPY .................................... 221 William J. Wiseman, Jr., Martin O. Jeffries, Clarence Pautzke and Francis Wiese Introduction ............................................... 221 The Arctic Observing Network ............................... 222 Background .............................................. 222 The NSF Arctic Observing Network ........................ 223 International relationships ............................. 226 BEST-BSIERP ................................................ 227 Background .............................................. 227 Programmatic structure .................................. 228 Conclusions ................................................ 231 References ................................................. 231