 | Kirk J. Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. - 3rd ed. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. - xii, 649 p., [2] p. of plates: ill. (some col.), map. - Ind.: p.626-649. - Ref.: p.539-625. - ISBN 978-0-521-15175-7
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Preface to the third edition ................................... ix
PART I THE UNDERWATER LIGHT FIELD ............................... 1
1 Concepts of hydrologic optics ................................ 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 The nature of light ..................................... 3
1.3 The properties defining the radiation field ............. 6
1.4 The inherent optical properties ........................ 14
1.5 Apparent and quasi-inherent optical properties ......... 21
1.6 Optical depth .......................................... 24
1.7 Radiative transfer theory .............................. 24
2 Incident solar radiation .................................... 28
2.1 Solar radiation outside the atmosphere ................. 28
2.2 Transmission of solar radiation through the Earth's
atmosphere ............................................. 30
2.3 Diurnal variation of solar irradiance .................. 38
2.4 Variation of solar irradiance and insolation with
latitude and time of year .............................. 42
2.5 Transmission across the air-water interface ............ 44
3 Absorption of light within the aquatic medium ............... 50
3.1 The absorption process ................................. 50
3.2 The measurement of light absorption .................... 53
3.3 The major light-absorbing components of the aquatic
system ................................................. 61
3.4 Optical classification of natural waters ............... 92
3.5 Contribution of the different components of the
aquatic medium to absorption of PAR .................... 95
4 Scattering of light within the aquatic medium ............... 98
4.1 The scattering process ................................. 98
4.2 Measurement of scattering ............................. 104
4.3 The scattering properties of natural waters ........... 116
4.4 The scattering properties of phytoplankton ............ 128
5 Characterizing the underwater light field .................. 133
5.1 Irradiance ............................................ 133
5.2 Scalar irradiance ..................................... 143
5.3 Spectral distribution of irradiance ................... 144
5.4 Radiance distribution ................................. 147
5.5 Modelling the underwater light field .................. 149
6 The nature of the underwater light field ................... 153
6.1 Downward irradiance - monochromatic ................... 153
6.2 Spectral distribution of downward irradiance .......... 159
6.3 Downward irradiance - PAR ............................. 159
6.4 Upward irradiance and radiance ........................ 168
6.5 Scalar irradiance ..................................... 178
6.6 Angular distribution of the underwater light field .... 181
6.7 Dependence of properties of the field on optical
properties of the medium .............................. 188
6.8 Partial vertical attenuation coefficients ............. 197
7 Remote sensing of the aquatic environment .................. 199
7.1 The upward flux and its measurement ................... 200
7.2 The emergent flux ..................................... 215
7.3 Correction for atmospheric scattering and solar
elevation ............................................. 218
7.4 Relation between remotely sensed reflectance and the
scattering/absorption ratio ........................... 225
7.5 Relation between remotely sensed reflectances and
water composition ..................................... 228
PART II PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT ............. 263
8 The photosynthetic apparatus of aquatic plants ............. 265
8.1 Chloroplasts .......................................... 265
8.2 Membranes and particles ............................... 268
8.3 Photosynthetic pigment composition .................... 275
8.4 Reaction centres and energy transfer .................. 298
8.5 The overall photosynthetic process .................... 300
9 Light capture by aquatic plants ............................ 308
9.1 Absorption spectra of photosynthetic systems .......... 308
9.2 The package effect .................................... 311
9.3 Effects of variation in cell/colony size and shape .... 314
9.4 Rate of light absorption by aquatic plants ............ 319
9.5 Effect of aquatic plants on the underwater light
field ................................................. 325
10 Photosynthesis as a function of the incident light ......... 330
10.1 Measurement of photosynthetic rate in aquatic
ecosystems ............................................ 330
10.2 Photosynthesis and light intensity .................... 339
10.3 Efficiency of utilization of incident light energy .... 360
10.4 Photosynthesis and wavelength of incident light ....... 380
11 Photosynthesis in the aquatic environment .................. 388
11.1 Circulation and depth ................................. 388
11.2 Optical characteristics of the water .................. 397
11.3 Other limiting factors ................................ 400
11.4 Temporal variation in photosynthesis .................. 430
11.5 Photosynthetic yield per unit area .................... 440
12 Ecological strategies ...................................... 453
12.1 Aquatic plant distribution in relation to light
quality ............................................... 453
12.2 Ontogenetic adaptation - intensity .................... 469
12.3 Ontogenetic adaptation - spectral quality ............. 479
12.4 Ontogenetic adaptation - depth ........................ 488
12.5 Significance of ontogenetic adaptation of the
photosynthetic system ................................. 503
12.6 Rapid adaptation of the photosynthetic system ......... 514
12.7 The microphytobenthos ................................. 528
12.8 Highly productive aquatic ecosystems .................. 532
References and author index ................................... 539
Index to symbols .............................................. 626
Index to organisms ............................................ 628
Index to water bodies ......................................... 632
Subject index ................................................. 638
The colour plates appear between pages 212 and 213.
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