 | Kaszycka K.A. Status of Kromdraai: cranial, mandibular and dental morphology, systematic relationships, and significance of the Kromdraai hominids / préface, Y.Coppens. - Paris: CNRS, 2002. - 130 p.: ill. - (Cahiers de paléoanthropologie). - Ref.: p.109-119. - ISSN 2-271-05908-9; ISSN 0293-1176
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................ 8
ABSTRACT ........................................................ 9
PREFACE ........................................................ 11
INTRODUCTION
I Position and Geology of South African Early Hominid
Sites ...................................................... 13
II Excavation Activities at Kromdraai ......................... 15
III History of Discoveries and Taxonomic Views ................. 16
A. Early discoveries (Dart and Broom) and
classifications ......................................... 16
B. Robinson's and subsequent classifications ............... 18
C. Howell and Grine's taxonomy ............................. 19
IV Chronology and Dating ...................................... 19
A. Faunal correlations ..................................... 20
B. "Morphological" dating .................................. 20
C. Paleomagnetic method .................................... 21
V. Importance of Kromdraai and Aim of this Study ........... 21
MATERIALS AND METHODS
I Catalogue Numbers .......................................... 23
II Major Object of this Study: Catalogue of the Kromdraai
Hominid Fossils ............................................ 24
III Comparative Samples ........................................ 25
IV Methods of Study ........................................... 26
A. Descriptions, terminology, and measurements ............. 26
B. Graphic reconstruction of TM 1517 ....................... 28
C. Taxonomic assessment .................................... 28
D. Phylogenetic relationships .............................. 29
DESCRIPTION OF THE KROMDRAAI HOMINID FOSSILS
I Cranium .................................................... 31
A. Cranium as a whole ...................................... 31
1. Preserved parts ...................................... 31
2. Cranial capacity of TM 1517 .......................... 32
3. Age and sex of the individual TM 1517 ................ 32
B. Face .................................................... 34
1. Orbit ................................................ 34
2. Nose ................................................. 35
3. Maxillary and zygomatic bones ........................ 35
C. Dental arcade and palate ................................ 37
1. Palate ............................................... 37
2. Shape of the dental arcade ........................... 38
3. Dimensions ........................................... 38
D. Occipital fragment ...................................... 38
1. Occipital condyle .................................... 39
2. Foramen magnum ....................................... 39
E. Temporal bone ........................................... 39
1. Squamosal part and the squamosal suture .............. 39
2. Mandibular fossa ..................................... 39
3. Mastoid part ......................................... 41
4. Tympanic plate ....................................... 42
5. Petrous part ......................................... 43
F. Sphenoid bone ........................................... 43
1. Alisphenoid .......................................... 43
2. Pterygoid process .................................... 44
G. Parieto-frontal fragment ................................ 44
1. Parietal bone ........................................ 44
2. Frontal bone ......................................... 44
II Mandible ................................................... 44
A. Preservation ............................................ 44
B. Body .................................................... 45
С. Ramus ................................................... 46
D. Symphysis ............................................... 46
III Teeth ...................................................... 46
A. Permanent dentition ..................................... 46
1. Maxillary canine socket .............................. 46
2. Maxillary premolars .................................. 46
3. Maxillary molars ..................................... 48
4. Mandibular incisors .................................. 51
5. Mandibular canines ................................... 52
6. Mandibular premolars ................................. 53
7. Mandibular molars .................................... 56
B. Deciduous dentition ..................................... 59
1. Mandibular incisors .................................. 59
2. Mandibular canines ................................... 60
3. Mandibular molars .................................... 60
C. Tooth measurements ................................... 64
IV Graphic Reconstruction of TM 1517 .......................... 65
TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE KROMDRAAI HOMINIDS
I Species Concepts: Review and Evaluation .................... 69
A. Introduction ............................................ 69
B. Biological species concept .............................. 70
С. Nature of species (ontological considerations) .......... 70
D. Evolutionary species concept ............................ 71
E. Phylogenetic species concept ............................ 73
II Comparative Data ........................................... 74
III Analysis: Taxonomic Implications ........................... 86
A. Features of the Kromdraai sample ........................ 86
B. Kromdraai versus Swartkrans ............................. 88
С. Implications for taxonomy ............................... 92
IV Comment on Chemeron ........................................ 93
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
I Introduction ............................................... 95
A. Phylogenetic approach ................................... 95
B. Ancestor-descendant relationships and speciation
events .................................................. 97
II Current Status of A. aethiopicus ........................... 99
III Phylogenetic Analysis: Results ............................ 101
IV Discussion ................................................ 102
A. Reconstructing the phylogenetic tree ................... 102
1. Cladogram A ......................................... 102
2. Cladogram В ......................................... 102
3. Phylogenetic tree ................................... 104
B. Other analyses using the cladistic approach ......... 104
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Significance of the Kromdraai Hominids ........................ 107
REFERENCES .................................................... 109
APPENDIX: List of Comparative Material and its Dating ......... 121
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... 129
LIST OF TABLES ................................................ 131
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