Preface ........................................................ xi
CHAPTER 1
Introduction .................................................... 1
1.1 Scope of This Book ......................................... 1
1.1.1 Future Developments ................................. 3
References ................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2
High-Power Amplifiers ........................................... 5
2.1 Applications and Specifications ............................ 5
2.2 Active Devices ............................................ 11
References ................................................ 14
CHAPTER 3
Physics of Active Devices ...................................... 17
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 17
3.2 Basic Concepts of Solid-State Physics ..................... 17
3.3 Charge Transport in Semiconductors ........................ 25
3.4 Junctions and Barriers .................................... 27
3.5 FETs and MESFETs .......................................... 37
3.6 Heterojunction Transistors ................................ 45
References ................................................ 53
CHAPTER 4
Device Characterization and Modeling ........................... 57
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 57
4.2 Small-Signal Characterization and Models .................. 57
4.2.1 MESFET and HEMT Small-Signal Model ................. 58
4.2.2 HBT Small-Signal Model ............................. 59
4.3 Large-Signal Characterization ............................. 60
4.3.1 Load Pull .......................................... 60
4.3.2 Large-Signal Parameters: AM/AM and AM/PM ........... 66
4.3.3 S-Parameters Versus Bias ........................... 67
4.4 Large-Signal Models ....................................... 69
4.4.1 MESFET and HEMT Large-Signal Model ................. 69
4.4.2 HBT Large-Signal Model ............................. 71
References ................................................ 74
CHAPTER 5
Phase Noise .................................................... 77
5.1 Introduction .............................................. 77
5.2 Noise in Semiconductors ................................... 78
5.3 Noise in Active Devices ................................... 81
5.4 Phase Noise ............................................... 87
5.5 Phase Noise in Amplifiers ................................. 89
References ................................................ 96
CHAPTER 6
Technologies for Microwave Power Amplifiers .................... 99
6.1 Introduction .............................................. 99
6.2 Waveguide Components ...................................... 99
6.3 Microwave Integrated Circuits (MICs) ..................... 100
6.3.1 Microwave Printed Circuits ........................ 101
6.3.2 Hybrid Circuits ................................... 102
6.3.3 Miniature Hybrid or Semimonolithic Ceramic
Circuits .......................................... 105
6.3.4 Monolithic Circuits ............................... 108
References ............................................... 112
CHAPTER 7
Power Combiners and Dividers .................................. 115
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 115
7.2 Balanced Stages and Quadrature Couplers .................. 116
7.2.1 Interdigitated Couplers ........................... 117
7.2.2 Branch-Line Couplers .............................. 122
7.2.3 Wilkinson Couplers, In-Phase and Quadrature ....... 125
7.2.4 Comparison of Three Types of Microstrip
Quadrature Couplers ............................... 129
7.3 180° Couplers ............................................ 130
7.4 Lumped-Element λ/4 Transformers .......................... 131
7.5 Radial Combiners ......................................... 132
7.5.1 Microstrip Lines .................................. 132
7.5.2 Radial Waveguides ................................. 134
7.5.3 Conical Waveguides ................................ 140
7.6 Coupler Arrays ........................................... 142
References ............................................... 144
CHAPTER 8
General Power-Amplifier Design ................................ 149
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 149
8.2 Load-Pull Design ......................................... 149
8.3 Broadband Matching Networks .............................. 150
8.4 Bode and Fano—Theoretical Limitations on Matching ........ 155
8.5 Bandwidth vs. Power ...................................... 158
8.6 Load-Line Design ......................................... 163
8.7 Large-Signal Simulation Design: Harmonic Balance ......... 171
8.8 Potential Instabilities .................................. 173
8.8.1 Low-Level Oscillations: Rollet's k Factor ......... 173
8.8.2 Internal Oscillations ............................. 175
8.8.3 Parametric Oscillations ........................... 176
8.8.4 Bias Oscillations ................................. 178
References ............................................... 179
CHAPTER 9
High-Efficiency Amplifiers .................................... 181
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 181
9.2 Class A: Output Power and Efficiency Versus Load Line .... 181
9.3 Class AB: Peak Voltage Versus Conduction Angle and Load
Line ..................................................... 184
9.4 Overdriven Amplifiers .................................... 192
9.4.1 Class B: Optimal Efficiency and Class F ........... 192
9.4.2 Class B: Optimal Power ............................ 197
9.4.3 Class A: Optimal Loading .......................... 200
9.4.4 Class A: Optimal Power and Efficiency ............. 203
9.5 Class E .................................................. 205
9.6 Real Devices and Circuits ................................ 213
References ............................................... 214
CHAPTER 10
Linear Power Amplifiers ....................................... 217
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 217
10.2 Linearity ................................................ 217
10.2.1 Amplitude Distortion: Two-Tone IMD ................ 218
10.2.2 Real IMD Curves ................................... 222
10.2.3 Phase Distortion: Two-Tone IMD .................... 226
10.2.4 Composite Amplitude and Phase Distortion .......... 229
10.2.5 Spectrum Asymmetry and Memory Effects ............. 230
10.3 Design Technique: Intermodulation and Power Contours ..... 232
10.4 Test Set ................................................. 236
10.5 A Simple Quadrature Model ................................ 237
10.6 Behavioral Models ........................................ 240
10.6.1 Power and Taylor Series ........................... 241
10.6.2 Volterra Series ................................... 242
10.6.3 Other Miscellaneous Models ........................ 243
10.7 Linearization Techniques ................................. 243
10.7.1 Predistortion ..................................... 243
10.7.2 Feedforward Technique ............................. 250
10.7.3 Envelope Feedback ................................. 252
10.8 Channel Interference: ACPR, NPR, M-IMR ................... 253
References ............................................... 255
CHAPTER 11
Special Power Amplifiers ...................................... 259
11.1 Doherty Amplifier ........................................ 259
11.2 Chireix Amplifier ........................................ 263
11.3 Kahn EER Amplifier ....................................... 268
References ............................................... 270
CHAPTER 12
Bias Circuits ................................................. 273
12.1 Introduction ............................................. 273
12.2 Passive Circuit .......................................... 273
12.3 Broadband Voltage Followers .............................. 276
12.4 Bias Supply .............................................. 278
12.4.1 Gain Stabilization Versus Temperature ............. 279
12.5 Distributed Pulsing ...................................... 282
References ............................................... 285
CHAPTER 13
Thermal Design ................................................ 287
13.1 Introduction ............................................. 287
13.2 Device Life Versus Temperature ........................... 287
13.3 Junction Temperature Measurements ........................ 289
13.3.1 IR Microscopy ..................................... 289
13.3.2 Liquid Crystals ................................... 291
13.3.3 Electrical Parameters ............................. 294
13.4 Mode of Operation ........................................ 295
13.4.1 CW ................................................ 296
13.4.2 Pulse ............................................. 298
13.5 Heat Sinks ............................................... 301
References ............................................... 303
About the Authors ............................................. 305
Index ......................................................... 307
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