Strangeways I. Measuring global temperatures: their analysis and interpretation. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. - xviii, 233 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.228-233. - ISBN 978-0-521-89848-5  Место хранения:   066 | Институт мониторинга климатических и экологических систем CO РАН | Томск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Preface page .................................................. xi Acknowledgements ............................................ xiii List of acronyms .............................................. xv 1 The balance of energy ....................................... 1 Solar radiation ............................................. 1 Infrared radiation and the greenhouse effect ................ 7 Measuring the radiation .................................... 10 Changes in solar activity and climate change ............... 14 References ................................................. 17 2 Thermometry ................................................ 18 Air thermometers ........................................... 18 Liquid-in-glass thermometers ............................... 20 Fixed points and scales .................................... 23 'Centigrade' scales ........................................ 27 The absolute, or thermodynamic, temperature scale .......... 29 The International Practical Temperature Scale .............. 30 Modern thermometers ........................................ 31 Electrical thermometers .................................... 36 Satellite measurements of surface temperature .............. 39 References ................................................. 39 3 Screens, stands and shelters ............................... 40 The need for thermometer protection ........................ 40 The evolution of screens ................................... 40 References ................................................. 52 4 Measuring land surface air temperature ..................... 54 The origin of data ......................................... 54 The instruments ............................................ 55 Met enclosures ............................................. 60 References ................................................. 68 5 Measuring sea surface and marine air temperature ........... 70 A brief history of measurements at sea ..................... 70 Air versus sea temperatures ................................ 71 Definition of 'sea surface temperature' .................... 72 Ships as instrument platforms .............................. 73 Measuring air temperature on ships ......................... 75 Measuring sea surface temperature (SST) from ships ......... 76 Buoys as instrument platforms .............................. 82 References ................................................. 89 6 Measuring sea temperature profiles ......................... 92 The bathythermograph ....................................... 92 Argo: a drifting profiler float ............................ 93 References ................................................ 100 7 Global instrument networks ................................ 102 First station compilations ................................ 102 World Weather Records (WWR) ............................... 103 The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) network .................. 103 The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) .......... 104 The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) ................ 104 The adequacy of the GCOS network .......................... 109 Using Google Earth to assess GCOS site conditions ......... 111 Disseminating the data .................................... 112 References ................................................ 113 8 From point measurements to global averages ................ 115 Data from the land ........................................ 115 Data from the oceans ...................................... 129 Combining sea and land datasets ........................... 131 References ................................................ 134 9 Changes in air and sea temperatures ....................... 137 The datasets .............................................. 137 Causes of temperature change .............................. 139 Hemispheric and global temperature changes since 1850 ..... 150 Central England Temperature since 1659 .................... 171 Changes in maximum and minimum temperatures ............... 176 References ................................................ 185 10 Temperature profiles through the atmosphere ............... 187 Early measurements ........................................ 187 Radiosondes ............................................... 188 Sounders .................................................. 195 Temperature profiles from sonde data ...................... 198 References ................................................ 204 11 Future climate measurements ............................... 206 The Global Climate Observing System ....................... 206 A new instrument network .................................. 207 Design of the new stations ................................ 208 Data telemetry ............................................ 211 Site locations ............................................ 211 Cost and management ....................................... 212 Concluding remarks ........................................ 212 References ................................................ 212 Appendix A The gas laws ..................................... 213 Appendix В Relative humidity and dew point .................. 214 Appendix С The electromagnetic spectrum ..................... 216 Appendix D Satellite measurements of surface temperature .... 219 Appendix E Metadata ......................................... 226 Appendix F The Southern Oscillation Index ................... 227 Index ........................................................ 228