Preface page .................................................... x
1 Prologue ..................................................... 1
Carolus J. Schrijver and George L. Siscoe
1.1 A voyage through the local cosmos ....................... 1
1.2 Magnetic field: a unifying force within heliophysics ... 15
1.3 The three-volume series ................................ 19
1.4 Additional resources ................................... 19
1.5 Editors' note .......................................... 20
2 Introduction to heliophysics ................................ 21
Thomas J. Bogdan
2.1 Preamble ............................................... 21
2.2 What is heliophysics? .................................. 22
2.3 The language of heliophysics ........................... 24
2.4 The creation and annihilation of magnetic field ........ 29
2.5 Magnetic coupling ...................................... 31
2.6 Spontaneous formation of discontinuities ............... 32
2.7 Explosive energy conversion ............................ 34
2.8 Generation of penetrating radiation .................... 36
2.9 Concluding thoughts .................................... 40
3 Creation and destruction of magnetic field .................. 42
Matthias Rempel
3.1 Introduction - magnetic fields in the universe ......... 42
3.2 Magnetohydrodynamics ................................... 44
3.3 The dynamo problem ..................................... 50
3.4 Mean-field theory ...................................... 57
3.5 Limitations of mean-field approximation, 3D
simulations ............................................ 71
4 Magnetic field topology ..................................... 77
Dana W. Longcope
4.1 Magnetic field lines ................................... 78
4.2 Regions of different topology .......................... 91
4.3 Magnetic helicity ...................................... 99
5 Magnetic reconnection ...................................... 113
Terry G. Forbes
5.1 Preamble .............................................. 113
5.2 Basic concepts ........................................ 113
5.3 Reconnection in two dimensions ........................ 122
5.4 Reconnection in three dimensions ...................... 131
5.5 Topics for future research ............................ 137
6 Structures of the magnetic field ........................... 139
Mark B. Moldwin, George L. Siscoe, and Carolus
J. Schrijver
6.1 Preamble .............................................. 139
6.2 Current sheets in cosmic plasmas ...................... 140
6.3 Magnetic flux tubes ................................... 145
6.4 Definition of a flux tube ............................. 146
6.5 Definition of a flux rope ............................. 149
6.6 Flux ropes at other planets ........................... 156
6.7 Magnetic cells ........................................ 159
6.8 Summary ............................................... 161
7 Turbulence in space plasmas ................................ 163
Charles W. Smith
7.1 Preamble .............................................. 163
7.2 Introduction .......................................... 164
7.3 What observations characterize the solar wind? ........ 167
7.4 The Navier-Stokes equation and hydrodynamic
turbulence ............................................ 172
7.5 Magnetohydrodynamic fluid turbulence .................. 176
7.6 The spectrum of interplanetary turbulence ............. 180
7.7 Non-Gaussianity in turbulent space plasmas ............ 190
7.8 Turbulence in the solar corona and solar wind
acceleration .......................................... 191
7.9 Interstellar turbulence ............................... 193
7.10 Conclusion ............................................ 194
8 The solar atmosphere ....................................... 195
Viggo H. Hansteen
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 195
8.2 The photosphere ....................................... 200
8.3 The high-β chromosphere ............................... 204
8.4 Coronal heating ....................................... 212
8.5 Forward modeling of the outer solar atmosphere ........ 216
8.6 The way forward ....................................... 222
9 Stellar winds and magnetic fields .......................... 225
Viggo H. Hansteen
9.1 A pocket history ...................................... 226
9.2 The Parker spiral ..................................... 228
9.3 Some solar wind properties ............................ 230
9.4 A pocket history, continued ........................... 231
9.5 An interlude with Alfvén waves ........................ 233
9.6 The coronal helium abundance and the proton flux ...... 236
9.7 The energy budget of the solar wind ................... 238
9.8 A simple experiment ................................... 240
9.9 Solar wind models that include the chromosphere ....... 243
9.10 Discussion and conclusions ............................ 248
10 Fundamentals of planetary magnetospheres ................... 256
Vytenis M. Vasyliūnas
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 256
10.2 Definitions and classifications ....................... 257
10.3 Interaction of solar wind with a planetary magnetic
field ................................................. 258
10.4 Plasma flow and magnetosphere-ionosphere
interaction ........................................... 265
10.5 Plasma sources and transport processes ................ 277
10.6 Scaling relations for magnetospheres .................. 285
11 Solar-wind-magnetosphere coupling: an MHD perspective ...... 295
Frank R. Toffoletto and George L. Siscoe
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 295
11.2 Global MHD models ..................................... 296
11.3 The solar wind at Earth ............................... 300
11.4 Magnetosheath modeling ................................ 302
11.5 Forces on the magnetosphere ........................... 310
11.6 Magnetospheric convection ............................. 317
11.7 Energy flow in the magnetosphere ...................... 320
11.8 Summary ............................................... 322
12 On the ionosphere and chromosphere ......................... 324
Tim J. Fuller-Rowell and Carolus J. Schrijver
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 324
12.2 Forces and flows in the neutral atmosphere ............ 325
12.3 Neutral-gas mixing, fractionation, and global
circulation ........................................... 330
12.4 Energy input and dissipation .......................... 333
12.5 Ionization fraction ................................... 336
12.6 Electrodynamics ....................................... 337
12.7 Outstanding issues and science questions .............. 349
12.8 Comparing the Sun's chromosphere and Earth's
ionosphere ............................................ 351
13 Comparative planetary environments ......................... 360
Frances Bagenal
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 360
13.2 Jupiter ............................................... 375
13.3 Saturn ................................................ 384
13.4 Uranus and Neptune .................................... 388
13.5 Mercury and Ganymede .................................. 390
13.6 Objects without dynamos ............................... 391
13.7 Outstanding questions ................................. 398
Appendix I: Authors and editors ............................... 399
List of illustrations ......................................... 401
List of tables ................................................ 406
References .................................................... 407
Index ......................................................... 428
The plates are to be found between pages 406 and 407.
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