List of Contributors .......................................... vii
Non-conventional Lignans: Coumarinolignans, Flavonolignans,
and Stilbenolignans ............................................. 1
Sajeli A. Begum, Mahendra Sahai, and Anil B. Ray
1. Introduction ................................................ 2
2. Coumarinolignans ............................................ 3
2.1. Occurrence of Coumarinolignans ........................ 3
2.2. Classification of Coumarinolignans .................... 5
2.3. Structure Elucidation of Coumarinolignans ............. 7
2.4. Chemistry of Coumarinolignans ........................ 14
2.5. Biological Activity of Coumarinolignans .............. 25
2.6. Biogenesis of Coumarinolignans ....................... 27
3. Flavonolignans ............................................. 28
3.1. Occurrence of Flavonolignans ......................... 29
3.2. Features of Flavonolignans and Their
Classification ....................................... 29
3.3. Structure Elucidation of Flavonolignans .............. 33
3.4. Chemistry of Flavonolignans .......................... 38
3.5. Biological Activity of Flavonolignans ................ 48
3.6. Biogenesis of Flavonolignans ......................... 49
4. Stilbenolignans ............................................ 50
4.1. Occurrence and Features of Stilbenolignans ........... 50
4.2. Structure Elucidation and Synthesis of
Stilbenolignans ...................................... 52
4.3. Biological Activity of Stilbenolignans ............... 61
4.4. Biogenesis of Stilbenolignans ........................ 62
References ..................................................... 64
Picrotoxanes ................................................... 71
Edda Gössinger
1. Introduction ............................................... 72
2. Tabular Overview of the Picrotoxanes ....................... 73
3. Occurrence ................................................ 108
3.1. Systematic and Geographic Occurrence of
Picrotoxane-Containing Plants ....................... 108
3.2. Parasitic Plants .................................... 110
3.3. Picrotoxanes Found in Animals and Animal Products ... 110
3.4. The Riddle of the Scattered Taxonomic Occurrence
of Picrotoxanes ..................................... 1ll
4. Isolation of Picrotoxanes ................................. 1ll
4.1. Examples of Recent Isolation Procedures .............. 112
5. Structure Determination of Picrotoxanes ................... 117
5.1. Main Picrotoxanes of the Menispermaceae ............. 117
5.2. Main Picrotoxanes of the Coriariaceae ............... 119
5.3. Picrotoxanes Isolated from Toxic Honey .............. 121
5.4. Picrotoxanes of the Picrodendraceae ................. 121
5.5. Picrotoxanes from Dendrobium Species ................ 127
6. Total Syntheses of Picrotoxanes ........................... 134
6.1. Overview ............................................ 134
6.2. Description of the Syntheses ........................ 138
7. Biosynthesis of Picrotoxanes .............................. 180
7.1. Investigations on the Biosynthesis of Dendrobines ... 181
7.2. Investigations on the Biosynthesis of
Sesquiterpene Picrotoxanes .......................... 184
8. Physiological Activity of Picrotoxanes .................... 188
8.1. Toxicity ............................................ 188
8.2. Picrotoxanes as Therapeutics ........................ 191
8.3. Picrotoxanes as Epileptogenic Compounds ............. 192
8.4. Picrotoxanes as Tools in Neurobiological Research ... 192
Abbreviations ................................................. 194
References .................................................... 197
Combinatorial and Synthetic Biosynthesis in Actinomycetes ..... 211
Marta Luzhetska, Johannes Härle, and Andreas Bechthold
1. Introduction .............................................. 211
2. Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Synthetic Biosynthesis ..... 212
2.1. Achievements in Combinatorial Biosynthesis .......... 213
2.2. Challenges for Combinatorial Biosynthesis ........... 215
2.3. Synthetic Biosynthesis .............................. 224
References .................................................... 230
Author Index .................................................. 239
Subject Index ................................................. 259
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