Strahler A.H. Introducing physical geography. - 5th ed. - Hoboken: Wiley, 2011. - xx, 632 p.: col. ill., col. maps. - Ind. - p.619-632. - ISBN 978-0-470-13486-3  Место хранения:   048 | Байкальский институт природопользования CO РАН | Улан-Удэ

Оглавление / Contents

Introduction Physical Geography and the Tools Geographers Use ................ 2 Introducing Geography ........................................... 4 HUMAN AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ................................. 5 Spheres, Systems, and Cycles ................................... 10 THE SPHERES-FOUR GREAT EARTH REALMS ......................... 10 SCALE, PATTERN, AND PROCESS ................................. 11 SYSTEMS IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ............................... 12 TIME CYCLES ................................................. 12 Physical Geography, Environment, and Global Change ............. 13 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ....................................... 13 THE CARBON CYCLE ............................................ 15 BIODIVERSITY ................................................ 15 POLLUTION ................................................... 15 EXTREME EVENTS .............................................. 16 Tools in Physical Geography .................................... 16 Maps and Cartography ........................................... 16 MAP PROJECTIONS ............................................. 16 SCALES OF GLOBES AND MAPS ................................... 19 SMALL-SCALE AND LARGE-SCALE MAPS ............................ 19 CONFORMAL AND EQUAL-AREA MAPS ............................... 19 INFORMATION CONTENT OF MAPS ................................. 19 MAP SYMBOLS ................................................. 20 PRESENTING NUMERICAL DATA ON THEMATIC MAPS .................. 21 The Global Positioning System .................................. 22 Geographic Information Systems ................................. 23 SPATIAL OBJECTS IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS ........... 23 KEY ELEMENTS OF A GIS ....................................... 24 Remote Sensing for Physical Geography .......................... 25 COLORS AND SPECTRAL SIGNATURES .............................. 25 THERMAL INFRARED SENSING .................................... 26 RADAR ....................................................... 26 DIGITAL IMAGING ............................................. 27 ORBITING EARTH SATELLITES ................................... 27 Earth Visualization Tools ...................................... 30 GOOGLE EARTH ................................................ 31 OTHER EARTH VISUALIZATION TOOLS ............................. 32 A Look Ahead ................................................... 32 Chapter 1 The Earth as a Rotating Planet ................................. 36 The Shape of the Earth ......................................... 38 Earth Rotation ................................................. 38 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF EARTH ROTATION ..................... 38 The Geographic Grid ............................................ 40 PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS ..................................... 40 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ...................................... 41 Map Projections ................................................ 43 POLAR PROJECTION ............................................ 43 MERCATOR PROJECTION ......................................... 44 WINKEL TRIPEL PROJECTION .................................... 45 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS .............................. 46 Global Time .................................................... 46 STANDARD TIME ............................................... 46 WORLD TIME ZONES ............................................ 47 INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE ..................................... 49 DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ........................................ 49 PRECISE TIMEKEEPING ......................................... 49 The Earth's Revolution around the Sun .......................... 49 MOTIONS OF THE MOON ............................................ 50 TILT OF THE EARTH'S AXIS ....................................... 50 THE FOUR SEASONS ............................................... 51 EQUINOX CONDITIONS ............................................. 52 SOLSTICE CONDITIONS ............................................ 53 A Look Ahead ................................................... 54 Chapter 2 The Earth's Global Energy Balance ........................................................ 56 EYE ON The Ozone Layer-Shield to Life ................................. 58 Electromagnetic Radiation ...................................... 59 RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE ................................... 61 SOLAR RADIATION ............................................. 61 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR ENERGY ............................. 61 LONGWAVE RADIATION FROM THE EARTH ........................... 62 THE GLOBAL RADIATION BALANCE ................................ 63 Insolation over the Globe ...................................... 64 DAILY INSOLATION THROUGH THE YEAR ........................... 65 ANNUAL INSOLATION BY LATITUDE ............................... 67 WORLD LATITUDE ZONES ........................................ 67 Composition of the Atmosphere .................................. 69 Sensible Heat and Latent Heat Transfer ......................... 69 The Global Energy System ....................................... 70 SOLAR ENERGY LOSSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE ....................... 70 ALBEDO ...................................................... 71 COUNTERRADIATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT .................. 71 GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGETS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE ......... 71 CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE ................................... 74 Net Radiation, Latitude, and the Energy Balance ................ 75 FOKUS ON CERES-Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System ............. 78 A Look Ahead ................................................... 79