Preface ...................................................... XVII
About the Editors ............................................. XIX
List of Contributors for Both Volumes ....................... XXIII
Part One Spectroscopic Methods for Nano Interfaces ............ 1
1 Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Coupled with Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy ......................................... 3
Noriko Nishizawa Horimoto and Hiroshi Fukumura
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 Outline of STM Combined with Optical Spectroscopy
1.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy ............................... 4
1.2.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy ........................ 6
1.3 Theoretical Approaches .................................. 6
1.4 Experimental Approaches ................................. 8
1.4.1 STM Combined with Raman Spectroscopy ............. 8
1.4.2 STM Combined With Fluorescence Spectroscopy ..... 12
1.5 Future Prospects ....................................... 13
References ............................................. 16
2 Vibrational Nanospectroscopy for Biomolecules and
Nanomaterials ............................................... 19
Yasushi Inouye, Atsushi Taguchi, and Taro Ichimura
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 19
2.2 Surface Plasmon Polaritons ............................. 20
2.3 Near-Field Optical Microscopy Using a Metallic
Nano-Tip ............................................... 22
2.4 Tip-Enhanced Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy and
Imaging ................................................ 24
2.4.1 Raman Spectroscopy .............................. 25
2.4.2 Near-Field Nano-Raman Microscopy ................ 25
2.4.3 Tip-Enhanced Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy and
Imaging ......................................... 26
2.5 Tip Effect on Near-Field Raman Scattering .............. 30
2.6 Conclusion ............................................. 36
References .................................................. 36
3 Near-Field Optical Imaging of Localized Plasmon Resonances
in Metal Nanoparticles ...................................... 39
Hiromi Okamoto and Kohei Imura
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 39
3.2 Near-Field Spectroscopic Method ........................ 40
3.3 Fundamental Spectroscopic Characteristics of Gold
Nanoparticles .......................................... 42
3.4 Wavefunction Images of Plasmon Modes of Gold
Nanorod — Near-Field Transmission Method ............... 42
3.5 Ultrafast Time-Resolved Near-Field Imaging of Gold
Nanorods ............................................... 45
3.6 Near-Field Two-Photon Excitation Images of Gold
Nanorods ............................................... 47
3.7 Enhanced Optical Fields in Spherical Nanoparticle
Assemblies and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering ....... 48
3.8 Concluding Remarks ..................................... 51
References .................................................. 52
4 Structure and Dynamics of a Confined Polymer Chain Studied
by Spatially and Temporally Resolved Fluorescence
Techniques .................................................. 55
Hiroyuki Aoki
4.1 Introduction ........................................... 55
4.2 Conformation of a Confined Polymer Chain ............... 56
4.2.1 Polymer Ultra-Thin Film ......................... 56
4.2.2 Near-Field Optical Microscopy ................... 56
4.2.3 Structure of a Single Polymer Chain ............. 58
4.3 Dynamics of a Confined Polymer Chain ................... 61
4.3.1 Polymer Brush ................................... 61
4.3.2 Fluorescence Depolarization Method .............. 61
4.3.3 Dynamics of a Polymer Brush ..................... 63
4.4 Summary ................................................ 67
References ............................................. 68
5 Real Time Monitoring of Molecular Structure at Solid/
Liquid Interfaces by Non-Linear Spectroscopy ................ 71
Hidenori Noguchi, Katsuyoshi Ikeda, and Kohei Uosaki
5.1 Introduction ........................................... 71
5.2 Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy .................. 72
5.2.1 Brief Description of SFG ........................ 72
5.2.2 Origin of SFG Process ........................... 73
5.2.3 SFG Spectroscopy ................................ 74
5.2.4 Experimental Arrangement for SFG Measurements ... 77
5.2.4.1 Laser and Detection Systems ............ 77
5.2.4.2 Spectroscopic Cells .................... 78
5.3 SFG Study of the Potential-Dependent Structure of
Water at a Pt Electrode/Electrolyte Solution
Interface .............................................. 80
5.3.1 Introduction .................................... 80
5.3.2 Results and Discussion .......................... 80
5.3.3 Conclusions ..................................... 83
5.4 Photoinduced Surface Dynamics of CO Adsorbed on a
Platinum Electrode ..................................... 84
5.4.1 Introduction .................................... 84
5.4.2 Results and Discussion .......................... 85
5.4.3 Conclusions ..................................... 88
5.5 Interfacial Water Structure at Polyvinyl Alcohol
(PVA) Gel/Quartz Interfaces Investigated by SFG
Spectroscopy ........................................... 89
5.5.1 Introduction .................................... 89
5.5.2 Results and Discussions ......................... 90
5.5.3 Conclusions ..................................... 92
5.6 Hyper-Raman Spectroscopy ............................... 94
5.6.1 Selection Rules for Hyper-Raman Scattering ...... 94
5.6.2 Enhancement of Hyper-Raman Scattering
Intensity ....................................... 94
5.6.3 Conclusion ...................................... 96
5.7 General Conclusion ..................................... 96
References ............................................. 97
6 Fourth-Order Coherent Raman Scattering at Buried
Interfaces ................................................. 103
Hiroshi Onishi
6.1 Why Buried Interfaces? ................................ 103
6.2 Optical Transitions ................................... 104
6.3 Experimental Scheme ................................... 106
6.4 Application to a Liquid Surface ....................... 107
6.5 Application to a Liquid/Liquid Interface .............. 108
6.6 Applications to Solid Surfaces ........................ 109
6.7 Frequency Domain Detection ............................ 112
6.8 Concluding Remarks .................................... 113
References ................................................. 113
7 Dynamic Analysis Using Photon Force Measurement ............ 117
Hideki Fujiwara and Keiji Sasaki
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 117
7.1.1 Weak Force Measurements ........................ 117
7.1.2 Potential Analysis Method Using Photon Force
Measurement .................................... 118
7.2 Measurement of the Hydrodynamic Interaction Force
Acting between Two Trapped Particles Using the
Potential Analysis Method ............................. 121
7.2.1 Two-Beam Photon Force Measurement System ....... 121
7.2.2 Potential Analysis Method for Hydrodynamic
Force Measurement .............................. 122
7.2.3 Trapping Potential Analysis .................... 124
7.3 Kinetic Potential Analysis ............................ 125
7.4 Summary ............................................... 129
References ................................................. 130
8 Construction of Micro-Spectroscopic Systems and their
Application to the Detection of Molecular Dynamics in
a Small Domain ............................................. 133
Syoji Ito, Hirohisa Matsuda, Takashi Sugiyama, Naoki
Toitani, Yutaka Nagasawa, and Hiroshi Miyasaka
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 133
8.2 Development of a Near-Infrared 35 fs Laser
Microscope and its Application to Higher Order
Multiphoton Excitation ................................ 133
8.2.1 Confocal Microscope with a Chromium:
Forsterite Ultrafast Laser as an Excitation
Source ......................................... 134
8.2.2 Detection of Higher Order Multiphoton
Fluorescence from Organic Crystals ............. 135
8.2.3 Multiphoton Fluorescence Imaging with the
Near-Infrared 35 fs Laser Microscope ........... 137
8.3 Application of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
to the Measurement Of Local Temperature at a Small
Area in Solution ...................................... 139
8.3.1 Experimental System of FCS ..................... 139
8.3.2 The Principle of the Method of Measurement of
Local Temperature Using FCS .................... 140
8.3.3 Measurement of Local Temperature for Several
Organic Solvents ............................... 141
8.3.4 Summary ........................................ 146
8.4 Relaxation Dynamics of Non-Emissive State for Water-
Soluble CdTe Quantum Dots Measured by Using FCS ....... 147
8.4.1 Samples and Analysis of Experimental Data
Obtained with FCS .............................. 147
8.4.2 Non-Emissive Relaxation Dynamics in CdTe
Quantum dots ................................... 148
8.5 Summary ............................................... 150
References ............................................ 152
9 Nonlinear Optical Properties and Single Particle
Spectroscopy of CdTe Quantum Dots .......................... 155
Lingyun Pan, Yoichi Kobayashi, and Naoto Tamai
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 155
9.2 Nonlinear Optical Properties of CdTe QDs .............. 156
9.3 Optical Trapping of CdTe QDs Probed by Nonlinear
Optical Properties .................................... 158
9.4 Single Particle Spectroscopy of CdTe QDs .............. 162
9.5 Summary ............................................... 166
References ................................................. 167
Part Two Nanostructure Characteristics and Dynamics .......... 171
10 Morphosynthesis in Polymeric Systems Using Photochemical
Reactions .................................................. 173
Hideyuki Nakcmishi, Tomohisa Norisuye, and Qui Tran-Cong-
Miyata
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 173
10.2 Morphosynthesis of Polymeric Systems by Using Light ... 174
10.2.1 Significance of Photochemical Reactions ........ 174
10.2.2 Polymer Mixtures Used in this Study ............ 175
10.2.3 Polymers with Spatially Graded Morphologies
Designed from Photo-Induced Interpenetrating
Polymer Networks (IPNs) ........................ 175
10.2.4 Designing Polymers with an Arbitrary
Distribution of Characteristic Length Scales
by the Computer-Assisted Irradiation (CAI)
Method ......................................... 177
10.2.5 Reversible Phase Separation Driven by
Photodimerization of Anthracene: A Novel
Method for Processing and Recycling Polymer
Blends ......................................... 181
10.3 Concluding Remarks .................................... 184
References ............................................ 185
11 Self-Organization of Materials Into Microscale Patterns
by Using Dissipative Structures ............................ 187
Olaf Karthaus
11.1 Self-Organization and Self-Assembly ................... 187
11.2 Dissipative Structures ................................ 189
11.3 Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Evaporating
Polymer Solutions ..................................... 191
11.4 Applications of Dewetted Structures in Organic
Photonics and Electronics ............................. 196
11.5 Summary ............................................... 198
References ................................................. 198
12 Formation of Nanosize Morphology of Dye-Doped Copolymer
Films and Evaluation of Organic Dye Nanocrystals Using
a Laser .................................................... 203
Akira Itaya, Shinjiro Machida, and Sadahiro Masuo
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 203
12.2 Position-Selective Arrangement of Nanosize Polymer
Microspheres Onto a PS-b-P4VP Diblock Copolymer Film
with Nanoscale Sea-island Microphase Structure ........ 205
12.3 Nanoscale Morphological Change of PS-b-P4VP Block
Copolymer Films Induced by Site-Selective Doping
of a Photoactive Chromophore .......................... 208
12.3.1 Nanoscale Surface Morphology of PS-b-P4VP
Block Copolymer Films .......................... 208
12.3.2 Nanoscale Surface Morphological Change of
PS-b-P4VP Block Copolymer Films Induced by
Site-Selective Doping of a Photoactive
Chromophore .................................... 208
12.4 Site-Selective Modification of the Nanoscale Surface
Morphology of Dye-Doped Copolymer Films Using
Dopant-Induced Laser Ablation ......................... 211
12.5 Photon Antibunching Behavior of Organic Dye
Nanocrystals on a Transparent Polymer Film ............ 217
References ............................................ 221
13 Molecular Segregation at Periodic Metal Nano-
Architectures on a Solid Surface ........................... 225
Hideki Nabika and Kei Murakoshi
13.1 Molecular Manipulation in Nano-Space .................. 225
13.1.1 Lipid Bilayer and its Fluidic Nature ........... 225
13.1.2 Controlling Molecular Diffusion in the
Fluidic Lipid Bilayer .......................... 227
13.1.3 Self-Spreading of a Lipid Bilayer or
Monolayer ...................................... 229
13.1.4 Controlling the Self-Spreading Dynamics ........ 230
13.1.5 Molecular Manipulation on the Self-Spreading
Lipid Bilayer .................................. 233
13.2 Summary ............................................... 235
References ............................................ 236
14 Microspectroscopic Study of Self-Organization in
Oscillatory Electrodeposition .............................. 239
Shuji Nakanishi
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 239
14.2 Dynamic Self-Organization in Electrochemical
Reaction Systems ...................................... 240
14.3 Oscillatory Electrodeposition ......................... 242
14.3.1 Formation of a Layered Nanostructure of Cu-Sn
Alloy .......................................... 242
14.3.2 Layered Nanostructures of Iron-Group Alloys .... 246
14.3.3 Layered Nanostructure of Cu/Cu20 ............... 247
14.3.4 Nanostructured Metal Filaments ................. 250
14.4 Raman Microspectroscopy Study of Oscillatory
Electrodeposition of Au at an Air/Liquid Interface .... 252
14.5 Summary ............................................... 255
References ................................................. 256
15 Construction of Nanostructures by use of Magnetic Fields
and Spin Chemistry in Solid/Liquid Interfaces .............. 259
Hiroaki Yonemura
15.1 Introduction .......................................... 259
15.2 Construction of Nanostructures by the use of
Magnetic Fields ....................................... 260
15.2.1 Magnetic Orientation and Organization of
SWNTs or their Composite Materials Using
Polymer Wrapping ............................... 260
15.2.2 Effects of Magnetic Processing on the
Morphological, Electrochemical, and
Photoelectrochemical Properties of Electrodes
Modified with C60-Phenothiazine Nanoclusters .... 264
15.2.3 Effects of Magnetic Processing on the
Luminescence Properties of Monolayer Films
with Mn2+-Doped ZnS Nanoparticles .............. 268
15.3 Spin Chemistry at Solid/Liquid Interfaces ............. 270
15.3.1 Magnetic Field Effects on the Dynamics of the
Radical Pair in a C60 Clusters-Phenothiazine
System ......................................... 270
15.3.2 Magnetic Field Effects on
Photoelectrochemical Reactions of Electrodes
Modified with the C60 Nanocluster-
Phenothiazine System ........................... 272
15.4 Summary ............................................... 274
References ............................................ 274
16 Controlling Surface Wetting by Electrochemical Reactions
of Monolayers and Applications for Droplet Manipulation .... 279
Ryo Yamada
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 279
16.1.1 Self-Assembled Monolayers ...................... 279
16.1.2 Preparation of Gradient Surfaces ............... 280
16.1.3 Spontaneous Motion of a Droplet on Wetting
Gradients ...................................... 281
16.1.4 Surface Switching .............................. 282
16.2 Ratchet Motion of a Droplet ........................... 284
16.2.1 Ratchet Motion of a Droplet on Asymmetric
Electrodes ..................................... 284
16.2.2 Ratchet Motion of a Droplet Caused by Dynamic
Motions of the Wetting Boundary ................ 285
16.3 Conclusion ............................................ 289
References ............................................ 291
17 Photoluminescence of CdSe Quantum Dots: Shifting,
Enhancement and Blinking ................................... 293
Vasudevanpillai Biju and Mitsuru Ishikawa
17.1 Introduction .......................................... 293
17.2 Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots ........................ 295
17.2.1 Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots in Organic
Phases ......................................... 295
17.2.1.1 Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots from
Dimethyl Cadmium ...................... 295
17.2.1.2 Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots from
Cadmium Sources Other Than Dimethyl
Cadmium ............................... 296
17.2.2 Synthesis of Water-Soluble Quantum Dots ........ 296
17.3 Bandgap Structure and Photoluminescence of CdSe
Quantum Dots .......................................... 298
17.4 Photoluminescence Spectral Shifts ..................... 299
17.4.1 Physical Effects on Spectral Shifts ............ 300
17.4.2 Chemical Effects on Spectral Shifts ............ 301
17.5 Enhancement of Photoluminescence in CdSe Quantum
Dots .................................................. 303
17.6 On and Off Luminescence Blinking in Single Quantum
Dots .................................................. 306
17.6.1 Power-Law Statistics of On and Off Time
Distributions .................................. 308
17.6.2 Modified Blinking .............................. 308
17.7 Conclusions ........................................... 312
References ............................................ 312
|
