Preface ...................................................... IX
List of Abbreviations ........................................ XI
1 Introduction .................................................. 1
1.1 Background ................................................ 1
1.2 Types of Carbon Nanotubes ................................. 2
1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes ............................. 5
1.3.1 Electric Arc Discharge .............................. 5
1.3.2 Laser Ablation ...................................... 7
1.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition ........................... 9
1.3.3.1 Thermal CVD ................................ 11
1.3.3.2 Plasma-enhanced CVD ........................ 14
1.3.3.3 Laser assisted CVD ......................... 14
1.3.3.4 Vapor Phase Growth ......................... 14
1.3.3.5 Carbon Monoxide Disproportionation ......... 16
1.3.4 Patent Processes ................................... 17
1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotubes ......................... 18
1.4.1 Purification Processes ............................. 18
1.4.2 Materials Characterization ......................... 20
1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes ................ 25
1.5.1 Theoretical Modeling ............................... 25
1.5.2 Direct Measurement ................................. 26
1.6 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes .................. 29
1.6.1 Thermal Conductivity ............................... 29
1.6.2 Electrical Behavior ................................ 30
1.7 Potential and Current Challenges ......................... 32
References ................................................... 33
2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposites ......................... 43
2.1 Overview ................................................. 43
2.2 Importance of Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites ................ 45
2.3 Preparation of Metal-CNT Nanocomposites .................. 46
2.4 Aluminum-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 47
2.4.1 Spray Forming ...................................... 47
2.4.2 Powder Metallurgy Processing ....................... 51
2.4.3 Controlled Growth of Nanocomposites ................ 57
2.4.4 Severe Plastic Deformation ......................... 57
2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites ........................... 61
2.5.1 The Liquid Metallurgy Route ........................ 61
2.5.1.1 Compocasting ............................... 61
2.5.1.2 Disintegrated Melt Deposition .............. 62
2.5.2 Powder Metallurgy Processing ....................... 62
2.5.3 Friction Stir Processing ........................... 64
2.6 Titanium-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 64
2.7 Copper-Based Nanocomposites .............................. 65
2.7.1 Liquid Infiltration ................................ 66
2.7.2 Mechanical Alloying ................................ 66
2.7.3 Molecular Level Mixing ............................. 68
2.7.4 Electrodeposition .................................. 71
2.7.5 Patent Process ..................................... 72
2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomposites .................... 73
2.8.1 Ni-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 73
2.8.2 Co-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 76
2.8.3 Fe-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 77
References ............................................... 80
3 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Metal
Nanocomposites ............................................... 89
3.1 Background ............................................... 89
3.1.1 Thermal Response of Metal-Matrix Microcomposites ... 91
3.2 Thermal Behavior of Metal-CNT Nanocomposites ............. 93
3.2.1 Aluminum-Based Nanocomposites ...................... 93
3.2.2 Tin-Based Nanosolder ............................... 95
3.3 Electrical Behavior of Metal-CNT Nanocomposites .......... 98
References .............................................. 100
4 Mechanical Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube-Metal
Nanocomposites .............................................. 103
4.1 Strengthening Mechanism ................................. 103
4.2 Tensile Deformation Behavior ............................ 106
4.2.1 Aluminum-Based Nanocomposites ..................... 106
4.2.2 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites .................... 110
4.2.3 Copper-Based Nanocomposites ....................... 112
4.2.4 Nickel-Based Nanocomposites ....................... 116
4.3 Comparison with Nanoparticle-Reinforced Metals .......... 117
4.4 Wear .................................................... 119
References .............................................. 127
5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocomposites ...................... 131
5.1 Overview ................................................ 131
5.2 Importance of Ceramic-Matrix Nanocomposites ............. 133
5.3 Preparation of Ceramic-CNT Nanocomposites ............... 136
5.4 Oxide-Based Nanocomposites .............................. 138
5.4.1 Alumina Matrix .................................... 138
5.4.1.1 Hot Pressing/Extrusion .................... 138
5.4.1.2 Spark Plasma Sintering .................... 142
5.4.1.3 Plasma Spraying ........................... 147
5.4.1.4 Template Synthesis ........................ 149
5.4.2 Silica Matrix ..................................... 150
5.4.3 Titania Matrix .................................... 155
5.4.4 Zirconia Matrix ................................... 156
5.5 Carbide-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 157
5.5.1 Silicon Carbide Matrix ............................ 157
5.6 Nitride-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 160
5.6.1 Silicon Nitride Matrix ............................ 160
References .............................................. 161
6 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic
Nanocomposites .............................................. 169
6.1 Background .............................................. 169
6.2 Electrical Behavior ..................................... 171
6.3 Percolation Concentration ............................... 172
6.4 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding .................. 177
6.5 Thermal Behavior ........................................ 179
References .............................................. 182
7 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic
Nanocomposites .............................................. 185
7.1 Fracture Toughness ...................................... 185
7.2 Toughening and Strengthening Mechanisms ................. 187
7.3 Oxide-Based Nanocomposites .............................. 189
7.3.1 Alumina Matrix .................................... 189
7.3.1.1 Deformation Behavior ...................... 189
7.3.2 Silica Matrix ..................................... 200
7.4 Carbide-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 201
7.5 Nitride-Based Nanocomposites ............................ 205
7.6 Wear Behavior ........................................... 207
References .............................................. 212
8 Conclusions ................................................. 215
8.1 Future Prospects ........................................ 225
8.2 Potential Applications of CNT-Ceramic Nanocomposites .... 227
8.2.1 Hydroxyapatite-CNT Nanocomposites ................. 218
8.3 Potential Applications of CNT-Metal Nanocomposites ...... 223
References .............................................. 224
Index ................................................... 227
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