Preface ....................................................... iii
Nomenclature ................................................... xv
1. INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED COMBUSTION
1.1 Introduction ........................................... 1
1.2 Energy and Combustion .................................. 3
1.3 The Fuel-Engine Interface .............................. 7
1.4 Engineering Science and Combustion ..................... 9
1.5 Engineering and Applied Combustion .................... 16
Problems .............................................. 21
2. COMBUSTION AND ENERGY
2.1 Introduction .......................................... 23
2.2 The Conservation of Mass .............................. 23
2.3 Thermodynamic Properties .............................. 30
2.4 Heats of Reaction ..................................... 39
2.5 First Law for Reactive Systems ........................ 42
Problems .............................................. 63
3. COMBUSTION AND ENTROPY
3.1 Introduction .......................................... 67
3.2 Equilibrium and Chemical Reactions .................... 67
3.3 Entropy ............................................... 69
3.4 Gibbs and Hemholtz Functions .......................... 84
3.5 Equilibrium Constants ................................. 92
3.6 The Fuel Cell ........................................ 100
Problems ............................................. 112
4. FLUID MECHANICS
4.1 Introduction ......................................... 115
4.2 Basic Conservation Equations ......................... 115
4.3 The Rayleigh Line .................................... 125
4.4 The Rankine-Hugoniot Curve ........................... 128
4.5 The Chapman-Jouquet Points ........................... 131
4.6 Calculation of Chapman-Jouquet Normal Detonation
Parameters ........................................... 133
4.7 Detonation Theory and Experimental Evidences ......... 138
Problems ............................................. 144
5. CHEMICAL KINETICS
5.1 Introduction ......................................... 147
5.2 Kinetic Theory of Gases .............................. 147
5.3 Collision Theory and Chemical Reactions .............. 156
5.4 Complex Chemical Kinetics Mechanisms ................. 171
5.5 Nitrogen-Oxygen Chemical Kinetics .................... 182
5.6 Basic Flame Theory ................................... 195
Problems ............................................. 199
6. SOLID FUELS
6.1 Introduction ......................................... 203
6.2 Solid Fuel Thermochemistry ........................... 203
6.3 Coal and Other Solid Fuel Resources .................. 207
6.4 Solid Fuel Combustion ................................ 220
6.5 Solid Fuel Combustion Pollution Control .............. 227
6.6 Boiler Energy Balance ................................ 236
Problems ............................................. 245
7. LIQUID FUELS
7.1 Introduction ......................................... 251
7.2 Liquid Fuel Properties ............................... 254
7.3 Crude Oil and Distillate Fuels ....................... 267
7.4 Synthetic Liquid Fuels ............................... 277
7.5 Unconventional Liquid Fuels .......................... 284
7.6 Liquid Fuel Combustion and Burners ................... 294
Problems ............................................. 297
8. GASEOUS FUELS
8.1 Introduction ......................................... 301
8.2 Gaseous Fuel Properties .............................. 302
8.3 Natural Gas .......................................... 313
8.4 Coal-Derived Gaseous Fuels ........................... 315
8.5 Biomass and Synthetic Natural Gas .................... 324
8.6 Hydrogen ............................................. 327
8.7 Gaseous Fuel Burners ................................. 330
Problems ............................................. 332
9. COMBUSTION ENGINE TESTING
9.1 Introduction ......................................... 337
9.2 Internal Combustion Engine Nomenclature .............. 337
9.3 Indicated Engine Performance ......................... 342
9.4 Brake Engine Performance ............................. 346
9.5 Engine Performance Testing ........................... 352
9.6 The Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) Engine ........... 369
9.7 Engine Emissions Testing ............................. 371
Problems ............................................. 378
10. SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION
10.1 Introduction ......................................... 383
10.2 Thermodynamics and Spark-Ignition Engine Modeling .... 385
10.3 Fuel Thermochemistry and Spark-Ignition Engines ...... 406
10.4 Spark-Ignition I.C. Engine Combustion Chemistry ...... 410
10.5 Spark-Ignition I.C. Engine Emissions ................. 417
10.6 Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel Alternatives .............. 421
10.7 The Wankel Rotary Engine ............................. 432
Problems ............................................. 435
11. COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION
11.1 Introduction ......................................... 439
11.2 Thermodynamics and Compression-Ignition Engine
Modeling ............................................. 440
11.3 Fuel Thermochemistry and Compression-Ignition
Engines .............................................. 450
11.4 Compression-Ignition I.C. Engine Combustion
Chemistry ............................................ 454
11.5 Compression-Ignition I.C. Engine Emissions ........... 465
11.6 Compression-Ignition Engine Fuel Alternatives ........ 470
11.7 Advanced Spark- and Compression-Ignition
Combustion ........................................... 476
Concepts
Problems ............................................. 477
12. GAS TURBINE ENGINE COMBUSTION
12.1 Introduction ......................................... 481
12.2 Thermodynamics and Gas Turbine Engine Modeling ....... 483
12.3 Gas Turbine Fuel Thermochemistry ..................... 488
12.4 Gas Turbine Combustors ............................... 495
12.5 Gas Turbine Engine Fuel Alternatives ................. 507
12.6 Gas Turbine Engine Emissions ......................... 508
12.7 The Free Piston and Stirling Engines ................. 510
Problems ............................................. 514
13. THERMAL DESTRUCTION
13.1 Introduction ......................................... 519
13.2 Thermal Destruction Combustion Chemistry ............. 520
13.3 Basic Elements of Thermal Destruction ................ 528
13.4 Thermal Destruction Components ....................... 531
13.5 Thermal Destruction Configurations ................... 533
13.6 Environmental Regulations and Thermal Destruction .... 546
Problems ............................................. 555
APPENDIXES
A. Dimensions and Units ...................................... 559
A.1 Some Systems of Primary Dimensions with
Corresponding Units .................................. 560
A.2 Length Conversion Factors ............................ 563
A.3 Area Conversion Factors .............................. 564
A.4 Volume Conversion Factors ............................ 565
A.5 Time Conversion Factors .............................. 566
A.6 Velocity Conversion Factors .......................... 567
A.7 Volume Flow Rate Conversion Factors .................. 568
A.8 Mass Conversion Factors .............................. 569
A.9 Density Conversion Factors ........................... 570
A.10 Mass Flow Rate Conversion Factors .................... 571
A.11 Pressure Conversion Factors .......................... 572
A.12 Energy Conversion Factors ............................ 573
A.13 Specific Energy (Mass) Conversion Factors ............ 574
A.14 Specific Energy (Volume) Conversion Factors .......... 575
A.15 Specific Energy (Mass Flux) Conversion Factors ....... 576
A.16 Specific Heat and Entropy Conversion Factors ......... 577
A.17 Power Conversion Factors ............................. 578
A.18 Engineers-SI Conversion Factors ...................... 579
A.19 SI Prefixes .......................................... 580
B. Some Thermochemical Properties
B.1 Standard State Heats of Formation and Combustion ..... 581
(Higher Heating Value) for Various Compounds
B.2 Thermochemical Properties of Carbon .................. 584
B.3 Thermochemical Properties of Methane ................. 586
B.4 Thermochemical Properties of Carbon Monoxide ......... 588
B.5 Thermochemical Properties of Carbon Dioxide .......... 590
B.6 Thermochemical Properties of Acetylene ............... 592
B.7 Thermochemical Properties of Ethylene ................ 594
B.8 Thermochemical Properties of n Octane ................ 596
B.9 Thermochemical Properties of n-Dodecane .............. 597
B.10 Thermochemical Properties of Methanol ................ 598
B.11 Thermochemical Properties of Ethanol ................. 599
B.12 Thermochemical Properties of Monatomic Hydrogen ...... 600
B.13 Thermochemical Properties of Hydrogen ................ 602
B.14 Thermochemical Properties of Water Vapor ............. 604
B.15 Thermochemical Properties of Nitrogen ................ 606
B.16 Thermochemical Properties of Nitric Oxide ............ 608
B.17 Thermochemical Properties of Nitrogen Dioxide ........ 610
B.18 Thermochemical Properties of Nitrogen ................ 612
B.19 Thermochemical Properties of Dinitrogen Monoxide ..... 614
B.20 Thermochemical Properties of Monatomic Oxygen ........ 616
B.21 Thermochemical Properties of Hydroxyl ................ 618
B.22 Thermochemical Properties of Diatomic Oxygen ......... 620
B.23 Thermochemical Properties of Sulfur .................. 622
B.24 Thermochemical Properties of Sulfur Dioxide .......... 624
B.25 Thermochemical Properties of Air ..................... 626
C. Properties of Fuel Oil .................................... 627
D. Properties of Saturated Water ............................. 628
Bibliography .................................................. 631
Index ......................................................... 651
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