Cech T.V. Principles of water resources: history, development, management, and policy. - 3rd ed. - Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. - xxvi, 546 p.: ill., maps. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.527-546. - ISBN 978-0-470-13631-7  Место хранения:   048 | Байкальский институт природопользования CO РАН | Улан-Удэ

Оглавление / Contents

ABOUT THE AUTHOR .............................................. vii PREFACE ........................................................ ix BOOK COMPANION WEBSITE ...................................... xxiii A NOTE TO THE STUDENT ......................................... xxv CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF WATER USE AND DEVELOPMENT ............. l Drinking Water for Early Civilizations .......................... 1 Early Irrigation and Flood-Control Projects ..................... 6 Egypt ........................................................ 6 China ........................................................ 6 The Middle East .............................................. 8 India, Spain, Portugal, and South America .................... 9 North America ................................................ 9 Early Water Transportation Development ......................... 13 Egypt and Greece ............................................ 13 China ....................................................... 13 Europe ...................................................... 14 United States ............................................... 15 Early Hydropower Development ................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 HE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER ...................... 24 The Properties of Water ........................................ 25 The Hydrologic Cycle ........................................... 27 Precipitation ............................................... 27 Measuring Precipitation .................................. 29 Runoff ...................................................... 32 Surface and Groundwater Storage ............................. 33 Lakes and Reservoirs ..................................... 33 CASE STUDY Great Salt Lake of Utah ...................... 35 CASE STUDY The Aral Sea of Uzbekistan ................... 35 Wetlands ................................................. 36 Groundwater .............................................. 37 Evaporation ................................................. 38 Condensation ................................................ 41 GUEST ESSAY Fog Harvesting by Dr. Robert S. Schemenauer ................................. 41 Climate and Weather ............................................ 46 Overview .................................................... 46 Climate ..................................................... 46 Air Currents ............................................. 46 Ocean Currents ........................................... 48 Tilt of the Earth's Axis ................................. 49 Monitoring Climate Change ................................... 50 Urban Microclimates ...................................... 51 GUEST ESSAY Urbanization and Its Effects on Key Atmospheric and Surface Water Cycles by Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd ................. 51 Processes ................................................ 51 Weather ..................................................... 55 Temperature .............................................. 55 Air Pressure ............................................. 56 Humidity ................................................. 57 Heating .................................................. 58 Wind Speed and Direction ................................. 62 Weather Modification ........................................ 63 Floods ...................................................... 64 Drought ..................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY ........................................ 74 What Is Surface Water Hydrology? ............................... 75 Watersheds ..................................................... 75 Delineating a Watershed ..................................... 75 Overland Flow .................................................. 78 Rivers ......................................................... 79 Components of a River ....................................... 79 River Morphology ............................................ 79 Types of Rivers ............................................. 82 Gradient .................................................... 83 Lakes .......................................................... 83 Types of Lakes .............................................. 84 Ecological Zones ............................................ 84 Thermal Cycles .............................................. 85 Seiches ..................................................... 86 Water Measurement .............................................. 86 Overland Flow ............................................... 87 River Discharge ............................................. 87 Flood Events ................................................... 91 Flood Frequency ............................................. 92 Probable Maximum Precipitation .............................. 93 Probable Maximum Flood ...................................... 93 GUEST ESSAY GIS and Flooding by Jake Freier ............. 94 Transport and Deposition ....................................... 97 Velocity .................................................... 98 Sediment Load ............................................... 98 CHAPTER 4 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY ......................................... 104 What Is Groundwater? .......................................... 105 What Is Groundwater Hydrology? ................................ 106 The Geology of Groundwater .................................... 107 Sedimentary Rocks .......................................... 107 GUEST ESSAY Sinkholes by Carlos Herd ................... 108 Glaciated Terrain .......................................... 111 Alluvial Valleys ........................................... 113 Tectonic Activity .......................................... 113 Groundwater Recharge .......................................... 114 Aquifers ...................................................... 115 Aquifer Types .............................................. 116 Properties of Aquifers ..................................... 119 Groundwater Movement .......................................... 121 Age of Groundwater ............................................ 126 Locating and Mapping Groundwater .............................. 127 Drilling a Groundwater Well ................................... 129 CHAPTER 5 WATER QUALITY ................................................. 137 Water Pollution ............................................... 137 Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution ................. 139 Point Source Pollution .................................. 139 Nonpoint Source Pollution ............................... 142 Basic Parameters of Water ..................................... 143 Temperature ................................................ 143 Dissolved Oxygen ........................................... 144 pH ......................................................... 144 Turbidity .................................................. 146 Hardness ................................................... 147 Inorganic Chemicals ........................................... 147 Metals ..................................................... 148 Lead ....................................................... 148 Arsenic .................................................... 149 Minerals ................................................... 150 Salt ....................................................... 150 POLICY ISSUE ............................................... 150 Fluoride ................................................... 152 Selenium ................................................... 152 Organic Chemicals ............................................. 153 Natural Organic Chemicals .................................. 153 Synthetic Organic Compounds ................................ 153 Pesticides ................................................. 155 Nutrients .................................................. 157 Nitrogen ................................................ 157 Phosphorus .............................................. 158 The Nitrogen Cycle ......................................... 159 Nitrogen Fixation ....................................... 160 Mineralization/Ammonification ........................... 160 Nitrification ........................................... 160 Denitrification ......................................... 161 The Phosphorus Cycle ....................................... 161 Eutrophication ............................................. 162 Waterborne Diseases ........................................... 162 Historical Problems ........................................ 162 Microorganisms ............................................. 164 Indicator Organisms ..................................... 164 Other Waterborne Organisms .............................. 165 Water Quality Management ...................................... 167 Fate and Transport ......................................... 167 Fate and Transport in Surface Water ..................... 167 Fate and Transport in Groundwater ....................... 167 GUEST ESSAY Managing Data for a Groundwater Restoration Project by Dr. Curt Elmore ..... 169 Wellhead Protection Programs ............................... 171 Organization ............................................ 171 Delineation ............................................. 171 Contamination Source Inventory .......................... 173 Source Management ....................................... 173 Contingency Planning .................................... 173 Watershed Protection Programs ............................. 173 Total Maximum Daily Loads ............................... 174 GUEST ESSAY Lake OkeechobeeTMDLs by Dr. David Radcliffe and Dr. Todd Rasmussen ........... 175 Water Sampling ............................................ 177 CHAPTER 6 MUNICIPAL AND IRRIGATION WATER DEVELOPMENT .................... 185 Municipal Water Systems ....................................... 186 CASE STUDY Los Angeles Department of Water and Power ... 187 CASE STUDY Lincoln Water System ........................ 191 CASE STUDY New York City Department of Environmental Protection .................................. 193 GUEST ESSAY Construction of City Tunnel #3 by Eileen M. Schnock ................................. 196 Irrigation .................................................... 202 Historical Perspective ..................................... 202 The Need for Irrigation .................................... 202 Irrigation Techniques ...................................... 205 Gravity Irrigation ...................................... 206 Sprinkler Irrigation .................................... 210 Drip Irrigation ......................................... 213 CHAPTER 7 DAMS .......................................................... 217 Dam Basics .................................................... 217 Purposes of Dams ........................................... 217 Components of Dams ......................................... 218 Types of Dams .............................................. 219 Dam Operations ............................................. 221 CASE STUDY Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, Nevada/Arizona .... 223 CASE STUDY Kingsley Dam and Lake McConaughy, Nebraska .................................... 227 CASE STUDY Grand Coulee Dam and Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Washington State ...................... 231 Cost-Benefit Analysis ......................................... 234 Impacts of Dams ............................................... 235 GUEST ESSAY Forced Urbanization: The Three Gorges Dam Relocation Process by Colin Flahive ........ 237 Dams and Locks for Navigation ................................. 240 GUEST ESSAY Navigation on the Tennessee River by Ted Nelson ..................................... 242 CHAPTER 8 WATER ALLOCATION LAW .......................................... 249 Ancient Water Allocation Law .................................. 250 Code of Hammurabi .......................................... 250 Justinian Code ............................................. 251 Ancient Riparian Doctrine ............................... 251 Water Allocation Law: 1200-1799 ............................... 252 Spanish Water Law .......................................... 252 First Possession ........................................... 254 English Common Law: 1200-1799 .............................. 255 Mill Acts of the Eastern United States .................. 255 Water Allocation Law: 1800-1847 ............................... 258 Code Napoleon .............................................. 258 Riparian Doctrine: 1800-1847 ............................... 258 Tyler v. Wilkinson ...................................... 259 Water Allocation Law in the Western United States: 1800-1847 .................................................. 260 Water Allocation Law: 1848-1899 ............................... 262 Riparian Doctrine .......................................... 262 Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1848-1899 ................. 262 The California Gold Rush ................................ 264 The Colorado Gold Rush .................................. 267 Water Allocation Law: 1900-Present ............................ 272 Riparian Doctrine .......................................... 272 Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1900-Present .............. 274 Interstate River Compacts ..................................... 277 Selected River Compacts .................................... 277 Colorado River Compact of 1922 .......................... 277 Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty of 1950 ............ 281 Delaware River Compact of 1961 .......................... 281 Groundwater Allocation Law .................................... 282 Historical Perspective ..................................... 282 Role of the Federal Government ............................. 283 Legal Properties of Groundwater ............................ 284 Federal Reserved Water Rights ................................. 286 GUEST ESSAY Stream Subf low and Water Rights by John Regan ...................................... 287 CHAPTER 9 FEDERAL WATER AGENCIES ........................................ 294 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) .......................... 295 Overview ................................................... 295 Brief History and Duties ................................... 295 Navigation Duties ....................................... 296 Flood-Control Duties .................................... 300 Wetlands Protection Duties .............................. 303 U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) ............................. 306 Overview ................................................... 306 Brief History .............................................. 307 National Irrigation Congresses .......................... 308 The Reclamation Act of 1902 ............................. 309 The Anti-Dam Construction Era ........................... 310 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) .................. 312 Overview ................................................... 312 Brief History .............................................. 313 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ................................. 316 Overview ................................................... 316 Brief History .............................................. 316 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) ........................ 320 Overview ................................................... 320 Brief History .............................................. 320 National Park Service (NPS) ................................... 322 Overview ................................................... 322 Brief History .............................................. 322 Bureau of Land Management (BLM) ............................... 324 Overview ................................................... 324 Brief History .............................................. 324 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) ................. 325 Overview ................................................... 325 Brief History .............................................. 326 U.S. Forest Service (USFS) .................................... 326 Overview ................................................... 326 Brief History .............................................. 326 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) ................... 327 Overview and Brief History ................................. 327 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) ...................... 329 Overview and Brief History ................................. 329 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) .................... 329 Overview and Brief History ................................. 329 CHAPTER 10 LOCAL, REGIONAL, STATE, AND MULTISTATE WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES ...................................................... 338 Local Water Agencies .......................................... 338 Municipal Water Departments ................................ 338 Historical Overview ..................................... 339 Water and Sewer Districts .................................. 341 Overview ................................................ 341 EXAMPLE: Highline Water District, Kent, Washington ...... 341 Levee and Flood-Control Districts .......................... 342 Historical Overview ..................................... 342 Levee Districts ......................................... 342 Flood-Control Districts ................................. 345 EXAMPLE: Pima County Regional Flood Control District, Tucson, Arizona ......................................... 345 Mutual Ditch and Irrigation Companies ...................... 346 Historical Overview ..................................... 346 Regional Water Agencies ....................................... 348 Overview ................................................... 348 Irrigation Districts ....................................... 348 EXAMPLE: Farwell Irrigation District, Farwell, Nebraska ....................................... 348 Conservancy/Conservation Districts ......................... 349 EXAMPLE: Miami Conservancy District, Dayton, Ohio ....... 350 Natural Resources Districts—Nebraska ....................... 350 EXAMPLE: Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, Omaha, Nebraska ...................... 351 Groundwater Management Districts—Kansas .................... 352 EXAMPLE: Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management District N 4, Colby, Kansas ................... 353 Water Management Districts—Florida ......................... 353 State Water Agencies .......................................... 355 State of Arizona Water Agencies ............................ 355 State of Rhode Island Water Agencies ....................... 356 Multistate Water Agencies ..................................... 357 Chesapeake Bay Commission .................................. 357 Missouri River Basin Association ........................... 357 Water Management in Mexico and Canada ......................... 359 Overview ................................................... 359 GUEST ESSAY Water Management in Mexico by Dr. Alvaro A. Aldama ........................... 360 GUEST ESSAY Water Management in Canada: The Inter- Jurisdictional Context by Ralph L. Pentland ................................ 366 Careers ....................................................... 371 CHAPTER 11 DRINKING-WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT ....................... 374 Historical Perspective on Drinking-Water Treatment ............ 374 GUEST ESSAY Water Desalination in the Middle East: One of the Realistic Options by Dr. Fares M. Howari ............................ 380 Federal Protection of Drinking Water in the United States ..... 383 Drinking-Water Treatment Process .............................. 384 Protection of Water Quality ................................ 384 Intakes for Raw Water ...................................... 385 CASE STUDY Department of Water Management, City of Chicago, Illinois ........................... 386 Pretreatment of Drinking Water ............................. 388 Flocculation/Coagulation ................................ 388 Filtration .............................................. 388 CASE STUDY Sewerage and Water Board, City of New Orleans, Louisiana .......................... 389 Final Drinking-Water Treatment ............................. 390 Distribution System ........................................ 390 Historical Perspective on Wastewater Treatment ................ 393 Wastewater Treatment Process .................................. 396 Primary Treatment .......................................... 396 Secondary Treatment ........................................ 397 Tertiary Treatment ......................................... 398 Nutrient Removal ........................................ 398 Septic Tanks and Leach Fields .............................. 399 Wetlands and Water Treatment ............................... 400 CHAPTER 12 WATER, FISH, AND WILDLIFE ..................................... 406 Early Fish and Wildlife Protection ............................ 406 Fish and Wildlife Protection in the 20th Century .............. 407 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act ................................. 408 National Environmental Policy Act .......................... 410 Endangered Species Act ..................................... 413 Wetlands and Wildlife ......................................... 415 CASE STUDY Snail Darters and the Little Tennessee River ....................................... 421 CASE STUDY Whooping Cranes and the Platte River ........ 424 CASE STUDY Salmon and the Columbia River ............... 428 Human-Environment Relationship ............................. 434 GUEST ESSAY Careers in Fish and Wildlife Management by Larry Rogstad ........................... 434 CHAPTER 13 THE ECONOMICS OF WATER ........................................ 441 Introduction .................................................. 441 The Value of Water ............................................ 442 Water as a Public versus a Private Good ....................... 443 Privatization ................................................. 444 Water Affordability ........................................... 445 Water Marketing ............................................... 446 Surface Water Marketing .................................... 446 Groundwater Marketing ...................................... 449 Water Banking ................................................. 450 Pollution Fees and Credits .................................... 451 Environmental Values .......................................... 452 CHAPTER 14 WATER USE CONFLICTS ........................................... 455 Reasons for Water Use Conflicts ............................... 455 Texas ......................................................... 457 GUEST ESSAY Water Planning in Texas by Connie Townsend ................................... 458 Alabama and Florida versus Georgia ............................ 463 Northern and Southern California .............................. 468 Canada ........................................................ 469 The Middle East ............................................... 470 Religious/Political Background ............................. 471 Water Resources in the Middle East ......................... 473 West Bank Mountain Aquifer .............................. 473 Jordan River ............................................ 473 Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ................................ 475 Tragedy of the Commons ........................................ 477 CHAPTER 15 EMERGING WATER ISSUES ......................................... 482 Future Global Water Management Issues ......................... 483 Population ................................................. 483 Lack of Wastewater Treatment ............................... 483 Environmental Degradation .................................. 484 SCENARIO 1: "Business as Usual" ......................... 485 Future Global Water Management Solutions ...................... 486 Privatization of Water Treatment and Delivery .............. 486 SCENARIO 2: "Technology Saves the Day" .................. 487 Groundwater Recharge ....................................... 487 Water Conservation ......................................... 488 Dam Construction ........................................... 489 SCENARIO 3: "Global Warming Floods the World" ........... 490 Water Education ............................................ 490 The Watercourse and International Project WET ........... 490 Water Education Foundation .............................. 491 Groundwater Foundation .................................. 491 American Ground Water Trust ............................. 491 Stockholm International Water Institute ................. 492 The Need for Cooperation ...................................... 492 The Human Factor ........................................... 492 Ethics ..................................................... 493 The Power of the Individual ................................ 494 SCENARIO 4: "Space Is the Answer" ....................... 495 GUEST ESSAY Where Do We Go from Here? by Susan S. Seacrest ................................... 496 Conclusions ................................................... 499 APPENDIX Reading Topographic Maps ...................................... 503 Selected Environmental and Conservation Organizations ......... 504 Ducks Unlimited ............................................ 504 Environmental Defense Fund ................................. 504 National Audubon Society ................................... 505 National Wildlife Federation ............................... 506 Nature Conservancy ......................................... 506 Natural Resources Defense Council .......................... 506 Sierra Club ................................................ 506 Trout Unlimited ............................................ 507 Wilderness Society ......................................... 507 PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS ................................ 509 GLOSSARY ...................................................... 513 INDEX ......................................................... 527