Preface ...................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................ xv
Acronyms ..................................................... xvii
1. Past, Present, and Future
1.1. Three Revolutions ...................................... 1
1.2. Computational Imaging .................................. 3
1.3. Overview ............................................... 6
1.4. The Fourth Revolution .................................. 8
Problems .................................................... 9
2. Geometric Imaging
2.1. Visibility ............................................ 11
2.2. Optical Elements ...................................... 14
2.3. Focal Imaging ......................................... 22
2.4. Imaging Systems ....................................... 28
2.5. Pinhole and Coded Aperture Imaging .................... 31
2.6. Projection Tomography ................................. 41
2.7. Reference Structure Tomography ........................ 47
Problems ................................................... 50
3. Analysis
3.1. Analytical Tools ...................................... 55
3.2. Fields and Transformations ............................ 56
3.3. Fourier Analysis ...................................... 59
3.4. Transfer Functions and Filters ........................ 64
3.5. The Fresnel Transformation ............................ 67
3.6. The Whittaker-Shannon Sampling Theorem ................ 72
3.7. Discrete Analysis of Linear Transformations ........... 75
3.8. Multiscale Sampling ................................... 79
3.9. B-Splines ............................................. 89
3.10.Wavelets .............................................. 96
Problems .................................................. 100
4. Wave Imaging .............................................. 103
4.1. Waves and Fields ..................................... 103
4.2. Wave Model for Optical Fields ........................ 104
4.3. Wave Propagation ..................................... 106
4.4. Diffraction .......................................... 109
4.5. Wave Analysis of Optical Elements .................... 115
4.6. Wave Propagation Through Thin Lenses ................. 121
4.7. Fourier Analysis of Wave Imaging ..................... 124
4.8 Holography ............................................ 130
Problems .................................................. 141
5. Detection ................................................. 147
5.1. The Optoelectronic Interface ......................... 147
5.2. Quantum Mechanics of Optical Detection ............... 148
5.3. Optoelectronic Detectors ............................. 153
5.3.1. Photoconductive Detectors ..................... 153
5.3.2. Photodiodes ................................... 159
5.4. Physical Characteristics of Optical Detectors ........ 162
5.5. Noise ................................................ 165
5.6. Charge-Coupled Devices ............................... 170
5.7. Active Pixel Sensors ................................. 176
5.8 Infrared Focal Plane Arrays ........................... 178
Problems .................................................. 183
6. Coherence Imaging ......................................... 187
6.1. Coherence and Spectral Fields ........................ 187
6.2. Coherence Propagation ................................ 190
6.3. Measuring Coherence .................................. 198
6.3.1. Measuring Temporal Coherence .................. 198
6.3.2. Spatial Interferometry ........................ 201
6.3.3. Rotational Shear Interferometry ............... 204
6.3.4. Focal Interferometry .......................... 209
6.4. Fourier Analysis of Coherence Imaging ................ 216
6.4.1. Planar Objects ................................ 217
6.4.2. 3D Objects .................................... 219
6.4.3. The Defocus Transfer Function ................. 224
6.5. Optical Coherence Tomography ......................... 227
6.6. Modal Analysis ....................................... 231
6.6.1. Modes and Fields .............................. 231
6.6.2. Modes and Coherence Functions ................. 234
6.6.3. Modal Transformations ......................... 236
6.6.4. Modes and Measurement ......................... 243
6.7. Radiometry ........................................... 245
6.7.1. Generalized Radiance .......................... 245
6.7.2. The Constant Radiance Theorem ................. 247
Problems .................................................. 248
7. Sampling .................................................. 253
7.1. Samples and Pixels ................................... 253
7.2. Image Plane Sampling on Electronic Detector Arrays ... 255
7.3. Color Imaging ........................................ 268
7.4. Practical Sampling Models ............................ 272
7.5. Generalized Sampling ................................. 276
7.5.1. Sampling Strategies and Spaces ................ 277
7.5.2. Linear Inference .............................. 282
7.5.3. Nonlinear Inference and Group Testing ......... 284
7.5.4. Compressed Sensing ............................ 288
Problems .................................................. 294
8. Coding and Inverse Problems ............................... 299
8.1. Coding Taxonomy ...................................... 299
8.2. Pixel Coding ......................................... 304
8.2.1. Linear Estimators ............................. 305
8.2.2. Hadamard Codes ................................ 306
8.3. Convolutional Coding ................................. 308
8.4. Implicit Coding ...................................... 310
8.5. Inverse Problems ..................................... 319
8.5.1. Convex Optimization ........................... 320
8.5.2. Maximum Likelihood Methods .................... 329
Problems .................................................. 331
9. Spectroscopy .............................................. 333
9.1. Spectral Measurements ................................ 333
9.2. Spatially Dispersive Spectroscopy .................... 337
9.3. Coded Aperture Spectroscopy .......................... 341
9.4. Interferometric Spectroscopy ......................... 349
9.5. Resonant Spectroscopy ................................ 354
9.6. Spectroscopic Filters ................................ 364
9.6.1. Volume Holographic Filters .................... 365
9.6.2. Thin-Film Filters ............................. 371
9.7. Tunable Filters ...................................... 380
9.7.1. Liquid Crystal Tunable Filters ................ 381
9.7.2. Acoustooptic Tunable Filters .................. 386
9.8. 2D Spectroscopy ...................................... 389
9.8.1. Coded Apertures and Digital
Superresolution ............................... 391
9.8.2. Echelle Spectroscopy .......................... 393
9.8.3. Multiplex Holograms ........................... 398
9.8.4. 2D Filter Arrays .............................. 401
Problems .................................................. 403
10. Computational Imaging ..................................... 407
10.1.Imaging Systems ...................................... 407
10.2.Depth of Field ....................................... 408
10.2.1.Optical Extended Depth of Field (EDOF) ........ 410
10.2.2.Digital EDOF .................................. 416
10.3.Resolution ........................................... 424
10.3.1.Bandlimited Functions Sampled over
Finite Support ................................ 425
10.3.2.Anomalous Diffraction and Nonlinear
Detection ..................................... 439
10.4.Multiaperture Imaging ................................ 442
10.4.1.Aperture Scaling and Field of View ............ 443
10.4.2.Digital Superresolution ....................... 450
10.4.3.Optical Projection Tomography ................. 459
10.5.Generalized Sampling Revisited ....................... 465
10.6.Spectral Imaging ..................................... 472
10.6.1. Full Data Cube Spectral Imaging .............. 472
10.6.2. Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging ..... 479
Problems .................................................. 487
References .................................................... 493
Index ......................................................... 505
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