Preface ....................................................... vii
Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................... 1
Chapter 2 Innovation before Intellectual Property .............. 7
2.1 Weapon production in ancient and middle ages ............... 8
2.2 Industrial technology of Edo period and Yoshimune's
"Shinki Gohatto" .......................................... 10
2.3 Agricultural technology of Edo period ..................... 12
2.4 Hiraga Gen-nai ............................................ 13
2.5 Introduction of Patents ................................... 15
2.6 Takamine Jokichi and Riken Institute ...................... 16
Endnotes ....................................................... 18
References ..................................................... 18
Chapter 3 Basic Research and Patents ........................... 21
3.1 Academic Science and Innovation [R. Aoki and L.
Branstetter] .............................................. 22
3.2 Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level .................... 37
3.3 Utility Requirement [R. Aoki and S. Nagaoka] .............. 45
3.4 The Model ................................................. 49
3.5 Welfare ................................................... 55
3.6 Research Exemption [R. Aoki and S. Nagaoka] ............... 60
Endnotes ....................................................... 76
References ..................................................... 80
Chapter 4 Multiple Patents ..................................... 93
4.1 Standards, Patent Pools and Coalition Formation Theory
and Evidence from MPEG2, DVD and 3G [R. Aoki and
S. Nagaoka] ............................................... 94
4.2 Equilibrium Coalition Structures ......................... 101
4.3 Heterogenous firms: Fand R firms ......................... 103
4.4 Some Evidence from MPEG, DVD and 3G Standard ............. 111
4.5 Concluding Remarks ....................................... 115
4.6 Clearinghouses [R. Aoki and A. Schiff] ................... 118
4.7 Patent Pools and Incentive to Innovate [R. Aoki and
A. Schiff] ............................................... 132
Endnotes ...................................................... 164
References .................................................... 165
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