Neck
1 Overview and Muscles
1.1 The Neck: General Aspects ............................... 2
1.2 Overview and Superficial Neck Muscles ................... 4
1.3 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles ....................... 6
1.4 Prevertebral and Lateral (Deep) Neck Muscles ............ 8
2 Arteries
2.1 Arteries ............................................... 10
2.2 Veins .................................................. 12
2.3 Lymphatic System ....................................... 14
2.4 Overview of the Nervous System in the Neck and
the Distribution of Spinal Nerve Branches .............. 16
2.5 Cranial Nerves and Autonomic Nervous System in
the Neck ............................................... 18
3 Cervical Viscera
3.1 Embryology ............................................. 20
3.2 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands ................... 22
3.3 Larynx: Location, Shape, and Laryngeal Cartilages ...... 24
3.4 Internal Features and Neurovascular Structures ......... 26
3.5 Muscles ................................................ 28
3.6 Topographical and Clinical Anatomy ..................... 30
3.3 Pharynx: Muscles ....................................... 32
3.8 Surface Anatomy of the Mucosa and its Connections
with the Skull ......................................... 34
3.9 Topographical Anatomy and Innervation .................. 36
3.10 Neurovascular Structures in the Parapharyngeal Space ... 38
3.11 Parapharyngeal Space and its Clinical Significance ..... 40
4 Topographical Anatomy
4.1 Surface Anatomy and Triangles of the Neck .............. 42
4.2 Posterior Cervical Triangle ............................ 44
4.3 Anterior Cervical Triangle ............................. 46
4.4 Deep Lateral Cervical Region, Caracotid Triangle,
and Thoracic Inlet ..................................... 48
4.5 Posterior Cervical Region and Occipital Region ......... 50
4.6 Sectional Anatomy of the Neck from the T2/T1 to C7/C6
Levels ................................................. 52
4.7 Cross-sectional Anatomy at the Level of the C6/C5
Vertebral Bodies ....................................... 54
Thorax
1 Spaces
1.1 Overview of the Thoracic Skeleton and its Landmarks .... 58
1.2 Divisions of the Thoracic Cavity and Mediastinum ....... 60
1.3 Overview of the Mediastinum ............................ 62
1.4 Contents of the Mediastinum ............................ 64
1.5 Pericardium ............................................ 66
1.6 Pleural Cavity ......................................... 68
2 Organs
2.1 Esophagus: Location, Divisions, and Special Features ... 70
2.2 Location and Wall Structure ............................ 72
2.3 Inlet and Outlet, Opening and Closure .................. 74
2.4 Trachea: Thoracic Location and Relations ............... 76
2.5 Lung: Thoracic Location and Relations .................. 78
2.6 Shape and Structure .................................... 80
2.7 Trachea and Bronchial Tree: Shape and Structure ........ 82
2.8 Lung: Segmentation ..................................... 84
2.9 Functional Structure of the Bronchial Tree ............. 86
2.10 Functional Structure of the Vascular Tree .............. 88
2.11 Diaphragm .............................................. 90
2.12 Respiratory Mechanics .................................. 92
2.13 Prenatal and Postnatal Circulation ..................... 94
2.14 Heart. Anterior View ................................... 96
2.15 Lateral and Superior Views ............................. 98
2.16 Shape and Structure ................................... 100
2.17 Muscular Structure (Myocardium) ....................... 102
2.18 Atria and Ventricles .................................. 104
2.19 Overview of the Cardiac Valves; the Atrioventricular
Valves ................................................ 106
2.20 Heart: Semilunar Valves and Sites for Auscultating
the Cardiac Valves .................................... 108
2.21 Impulse Formation and Conduction System ............... 110
2.22 Mechanical Action of the Heart ........................ 112
3 Blood Vessel
3.1 Thoracic Aorta ........................................ 114
3.2 Vena Cava and Azygos System ........................... 116
3.3 Arteries and Veins ofthe Esophagus .................... 118
3.4 Pulmonary Arteries and Veins .......................... 120
3.5 Bronchial and Diaphragmatic Arteries and Veins ........ 122
3.6 Coronary Vessels (Coronary Arteries and Cardiac
Veins): Anatomy and Relations ......................... 124
3.7 Coronary Vessels: Distribution of the Coronary
Arteries .............................................. 126
4 Lymphatisc System
4.1 Overview of Thoracic Lymphatic Trunks and Pathways .... 128
4.2 Overview of the Lymph Nodes ........................... 130
4.3 The Thymus ............................................ 132
4.4 Lymphatic Drainage of the Esophagus ................... 134
4.5 Lymphatic Drainage of the Trachea, Bronchial Tree,
and Lungs ............................................. 136
4.6 Lymphatic Drainage of the Diaphragm, Heart,
and Pericardium ......................................... 138
5 Nervous System
5.1 Overview of Thoracic Innervation ...................... 140
5.2 Innervation of the Esophagus, Trachea, and
Bronchial Tree ........................................ 142
5.3 Innervation of the Heart .............................. 144
5.4 Innervation of the Pericardium and Diaphragm .......... 146
Abdomen and Pelvis
1 Spaces
1.1 Location of the Abdominal and Pelvic Organs and
their Projection onto the Trunk Wall .................. 150
1.2 Divisions of the Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities ........ 152
1.3 Peritoneal Relationships in the Abdomen and
Pelvis: Overview and Anterior Abdominal Wall .......... 154
1.4 Peritoneal Cavity: Dissections to Display the
Abdominal Viscera ..................................... 156
1.5 Mesenteries and Drainage Spaces ....................... 158
1.6 Peritoneal Relationships and Recesses on the
Posterior Abdominal Wall .............................. 160
1.7 The Retroperitoneum and its Contents .................. 162
1.8 Omental Bursa ......................................... 164
1.9 Transverse Sections through the Abdomen ............... 166
1.10 Peritoneal Relationships and Pelvic Spaces:
Comparison of Coronal and Parasagittal Sections
in the Male and Female ................................ 168
1.11 Peritoneal Relationships and Pelvic Spaces:
Comparison of Midsagittal Sections in the Male
and Female ............................................ 170
1.12 Peritoneal Relationships and Spaces in the Male
Pelvis ................................................ 172
1.13 Peritoneal Relationships and Spaces in the Female
Pelvis ................................................ 174
1.14 Location and Attachments of the Pelvic Organs:
Comparison of Transverse Sections in the Male
and Female ............................................ 176
2 Organs
2.1 Embryonic Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract:
The Foregut ........................................... 178
2.2 Rotation of the Primary Intestinal loop ............... 180
2.3 Stomach: Location, Peritoneal Relationships, and
Relationship to Adjacent Organs ....................... 182
2.4 Shape and Interior .................................... 184
2.5 Wall Structure and Histology .......................... 186
2.6 Small Intestine: Duodenum ............................. 188
2.7 Jejunum and Ileum ..................................... 190
2.8 Large Intestine: Colon Segments ....................... 192
2.9 Wall Structure, Cecum and Vermiform Appendix .......... 194
2.10 Location and Shape of the Rectum ...................... 196
2.11 Wall Structure of the Rectum and Mechanism of
Defecation ............................................ 198
2.12 Innervation of the Rectum and Continence Mechanisms ... 200
2.13 Radiography of the Small and Large Intestine .......... 202
2.14 Liver: Position and Relationship to Adjacent Organs ... 204
2.15 Peritoneal Relationships and Shape .................... 206
2.16 Segmentation and Histology ............................ 208
2.17 Gallbladder and Bile Ducts: Location and
Relationship to Adjacent Organs ....................... 210
2.18 Gallbladderand Extrahepatic Bile Ducts: Structure
and Sphincter System .................................. 212
2.19 Pancreas: Location and Relationship to Adjacent
Organs ................................................ 214
2.20 Ductal Anatomy and Histology .......................... 216
2.21 Spleen ................................................ 218
2.22 Suprarenal Glands ..................................... 220
2.23 Overview of the Urinary Organs ........................ 222
2.24 Kidneys: Topographical Anatomy ........................ 224
2.25 Fasciae and Capsules; Shape and Structure ............. 226
2.26 Architecture and Microstructure ....................... 228
2.27 Renal Pelvis and Urinary Transport .................... 230
2.28 Ureters and Bladder in the Male: Topographical
Anatomy ............................................... 232
2.29 Ureters and Bladder in the Female: Topographical
Anatomy ............................................... 234
2.30 Bladder and Urethra: Wall Structure and Function ...... 236
2.31 Urethra: Location and Structure ....................... 238
2.32 Overview of the Genital Tract ......................... 240
2.33 Embryology of the Genital Organs ...................... 242
2.34 Female Internal Genitalia: Overview ................... 244
2.35 Topographical Anatomy and Peritoneal Relationships;
Shape and Structure ................................... 246
2.36 Wall Structure and Function ........................... 248
2.37 Vagina, Uterine Positions ............................. 250
2.38 Ovary and Follicular Maturation ....................... 252
2.39 Pregnancy and Childbirth .............................. 254
2.40 Male Genitalia: Accessory Sex Glands .................. 256
2.41 Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis ....................... 258
2.42 Seminiferous Structures and Ejaculate ................. 260
3 Blood Vessels
3.1 Arteries of the Abdomen and Pelvis .................... 262
3.2 Branches of the Celiac Trunk: Arteries Supplying
the Stomach, Liver and Gallbladder .................... 264
3.3 Arteries Supplying the Pancreas, Duodenum, and
Spleen ................................................ 266
3.4 Branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery: Arteries
Supplying the Pancreas, Small Intestine, and Large
Intestine ............................................. 268
3.5 Branches of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery: Arteries
Supplying the Large Intestine ......................... 270
3.6 Tributaries of the Inferior Vena Cava ................. 272
3.7 Tributaries of the Portal Vein ........................ 274
3.8 Portal Vein: Venous Drainage of the Stomach,
Duodenum, Pancreas, and Spleen ........................ 276
3.9 Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Vein: Venous
Drainage of the Small and Large Intestine ............. 278
3.10 Arteries and Veins of the Kidneys and Suprarenal
Glands: Overview ...................................... 280
3.11 Topographical Anatomy and Variants .................... 282
3.12 Divisions and Topographical Anatomy of the Internal
Iliac Artery .......................................... 284
3.13 Arteries and Veins of the Pelvic Organs ............... 286
3.14 Arteries and Veins of the Rectum ...................... 288
3.15 Arteries and Veins of the Female Genitalia and
Urinary Organs ........................................ 290
3.16 Venous Anastomoses in the Abdomen and Pelvis .......... 292
4 Lymphatic System
4.1 Overview of Lymphatic Trunks and Lymph Node Groups
in the Abdomen and Pelvis ............................. 294
4.2 Overview of the Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominal and
Pelvic Organs ......................................... 296
4.3 Lymphatic Drainage of the Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas,
Duodenum, and Liver ................................... 298
4.4 Lymphatic Drainage of the Small and Large Intestine ... 300
4.5 Lymphatic Drainage of the Kidneys, Suprarenal
Glands, Ureter, and Bladder ........................... 302
4.6 Lymphatic Drainage of the Male and Female Genitalia ... 304
5 Autonomic Nervous System
5.1 Organization of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Nervous Systems ....................................... 306
5.2 Autonomic Ganglia and Plexuses ........................ 308
5.3 Autonomic Innervation of the Liver, Gallbladder,
Stomach, Duodenum, Pancreas, and Spleen ............... 310
5.4 Autonomic Innervation of the Intestine: Distribution
of the Superior Mesenteric Plexus ..................... 312
5.5 Distribution of the Inferior Mesenteric Plexus and
Inferior Hypogastric Plexus ........................... 314
5.6 Autonomic Innervation of the Urinary Organs and
Suprarenal Glands ..................................... 316
5.7 Autonomic Innervation of the Male Genitalia ........... 318
5.8 Autonomic Innervation of the Female Genitalia ......... 320
Neurovascular Supply to the Organs
1.1 Thymus ................................................ 325
1.2 Larynx ................................................ 326
1.3 Thyroid Gland ......................................... 327
1.4 Pharynx ............................................... 328
1.5 Esophagus ............................................. 329
1.6 Heart ................................................. 330
1.7 Pericardum ............................................ 331
1.8 Lung and Trachea ...................................... 332
1.9 Diaphragm ............................................. 333
1.10 Liver, Gallbladder, and Spleen ........................ 334
1.11 Stomach ............................................... 335
1.12 Duodenum und Pancreas ................................. 336
1.13 Jejunum und Ileum ..................................... 337
1.14 Cecum, Vermiform Appendix, Ascending and Transverse
Colon ................................................. 338
1.15 Descending Colon and Sigmoid Colon .................... 339
1.16 Rectum ................................................ 340
1.17 Kidney, Ureter, and Suprarenal Gland .................. 341
1.18 Bladder, Prostate, and Seminal Vesicle ................ 342
1.19 Testis, Epididymis, and Vas Deferens .................. 343
1.20 Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Vagina .................... 344
1.21 Fallopian Tube and Ovary .............................. 345
Appendix
References ................................................. 349
Index ...................................................... 351
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