 | Fichter C. Climate impact of air traffic emissions in dependency of the emission location and altitude / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen. - Köln: DLR, Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen, 2009. - 143 p.: ill., graph. - (Forschungsbericht; 09-22). - Ref.: p.131-142. - ISSN 1434-8454
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1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 The Climate Issue ....................................... 1
1.2 Policy Treaties ......................................... 2
1.3 Aviation Climate Impact and its Potential for
Mitigation .............................................. 3
1.4 Research Questions Addressed within this Thesis ......... 5
1.5 Thesis Structure ........................................ 6
2 Aircraft Emissions and Climate Impact ........................ 9
2.1 Radiative Forcing, Climate Change, and Climate
Sensitivity ............................................. 9
2.2 Effects of Aircraft Emissions .......................... 12
2.2.1 Emission and Effects of Carbon Dioxide .......... 12
2.2.2 Emission and Effects of Nitrogen Oxides ......... 14
2.2.3 Emission and Effects of Water Vapour ............ 18
2.2.4 Emission and Effects of Aerosol Particles ....... 18
2.2.5 Formation of Contrails and Contrail Cirrus ...... 19
2.3 Dependency of Aviation Effects on Emission Location
and Altitude ........................................... 20
3 Description of Models ....................................... 23
3.1 The Aircraft Performance Model PIANO ................... 24
3.2 The Aircraft Inventory Model FAST ...................... 24
3.3 The Circulation Model ECHAM4.L39(DLR) .................. 25
3.3.1 The Radiation Scheme ............................ 26
3.3.2 Parameterization of Contrail Coverage ........... 28
3.4 The Chemistry Module CHEM .............................. 31
3.4.1 Identification of Air Traffic NOx and O3
Perturbations ................................... 33
3.4.2 Identification of Air Traffic H2O
Perturbations ................................... 35
3.5 The Lagrangian Transport Scheme ATTILA ................. 35
3.6 The Linear Climate Response Model AirClim .............. 37
4 Description of Air Traffic Emissions Data ................... 43
4.1 Inventories with Standard Flight Altitudes ............. 43
4.2 Inventories with Flight Altitude Changes ............... 45
5 Experimental Design ......................................... 47
5.1 Performance Test of the New Model Version E39CA ........ 47
5.2 Dependency of Air Traffic Effects on the Altitude of
the Emissions .......................................... 48
5.3 Dependency of Air Traffic Effects on the Location and
Altitude of the Emissions .............................. 48
5.4 The Linear Recombination of Air Traffic Effects
through Precal-culated Idealized Data .................. 50
6 Air Traffic Climate Impact Simulations with E39CA ........... 53
6.f Contrails and Contrail Radiative Forcing .............. 53
6.1.1 Contrail Coverage and Contrail Optical Depths ... 53
6.1.2 Comparison with Observations of Contrail
Coverage ........................................ 56
6.1.3 Contrail Radiative Forcing ...................... 60
6.2 Air Traffic H2O and its Radiative Forcing .............. 62
6.3 Effect of Air Traffic NOx on O3 and CH4 and their
Radiative Forcing ...................................... 64
6.4 C02 Radiative Forcing .................................. 69
6.5 Future Radiative Forcing and Climate Change from
Global Air Traffic ..................................... 69
6.6 Summary and Discussion ................................. 71
7 Effects of Global Changes of Flight Altitudes ............... 75
7.1 Effects on Contrails ................................... 75
7.2 Effects on H2O ......................................... 78
7.3 Effects of NOx on O3 and CH4 ........................... 79
7.4 Effects on CO2 ......................................... 84
7.5 Effects on Radiative Forcing and Surface Temperature ... 84
7.6 Summary and Discussion ................................. 91
8 Effects of Aircraft Emissions with Respect to Emission
Location and Altitude ....................................... 95
8.1 Water Vapour and Radiative Forcing in Dependency of
the Emission Location and Altitude ..................... 96
8.2 Contrails and Radiative Forcing in Dependency of
the Emission Location and Altitude ..................... 98
8.3 Ozone and Methane and their Radiative Forcing in
Dependency of the Emission Location ................... 101
8.4 Summary and Discussion ................................ 105
9 Linear Recombination of Air Traffic Effects through
Precalcu-lated Idealized Data .............................. 109
9.1 Linear Recombination of the TRADEOFF 2000 Base Case ... 110
9.2 Linear Recombination of Inventories with Flight
Altitude Changes ...................................... 114
9.3 Summary and Discussion ................................ 116
10 Summary and Conclusions .................................... 119
10.1 Performance of the Upgraded Model Version E39CA ....... 119
10.2 Overall Aviation Climate impact ....................... 120
10.3 Effects of Global Changes of Flight Altitudes ......... 120
10.4 Air Traffic Effects in Dependency of the Emission
Location and Altitude ................................. 121
10.5 Linear Recombination of Air Traffic Effects through
Precalculated Idealized Data .......................... 122
10.6 Results in a Nutshell ................................. 123
11 Outlook and Recommendations for Further Work ............... 125
Appendix A .................................................... 127
Appendix B .................................................... 128
List of Abbreviations and Symbols ............................. 129
References .................................................... 131
Acknowledgements .............................................. 143
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