Foreword ....................................................... xi
Preface ....................................................... xii
Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................... 3
1.1 Definitions ................................................ 3
1.2 Applications ............................................... 3
1.3 Purpose, Scope, and a Little History ....................... 4
1.4 Summary .................................................... 5
References ...................................................... 8
Part I Bistatic/Multistatic Radar Systems
Chapter 2 History Update ...................................... 10
2.1 Beginnings ................................................ 10
2.2 First Resurgence .......................................... 22
2.3 Second Resurgence ......................................... 23
2.4 Third Resurgence .......................................... 27
References ..................................................... 30
Chapter 3 Fluttar DEW-Line Gap-Filler ......................... 35
3.1 Background ................................................ 35
3.2 Early Thoughts About a Dew Line Bistatic Gap-Filler
Radar ..................................................... 36
3.3 Fluttar System Considerations ............................. 39
3.4 Unexpected Trouble ........................................ 43
3.5 Monostatic Pulse Radar for Fence Coverage ................. 45
3.6 Looking Back .............................................. 45
References ..................................................... 46
Chapter 4 Missile Attack Warning .............................. 47
4.1 Introduction .............................................. 47
4.2 HF-VHF/UHF Radar Relationships ............................ 47
4.3 440-L Forward-Scatter OTH Bistatic Radar .................. 52
4.4 Sugar Tree OTH Passive Bistatic Radar ..................... 54
References ..................................................... 54
Chapter 5 Planetary Exploration ............................... 56
5.1 Introduction .............................................. 56
5.2 Principles of Operation ................................... 61
5.3 Polarization Measurements ................................. 66
5.4 Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect and the Search
for Lunar Water Ice ....................................... 69
5.5 Transient Surface Echoes at Occultation ................... 70
5.6 Uplink Bistatic Radar ..................................... 72
5.7 Recapitulation and Future Experiments ..................... 73
References ..................................................... 75
Chapter 6 Air Surveillance .................................... 78
6.1 Introduction .............................................. 78
6.2 PBR Review ................................................ 80
6.3 Military Utility .......................................... 91
6.4 Waveforms and Interference ............................... 105
6.5 Range Performance ........................................ 124
6.6 Target Location .......................................... 140
6.7 Electronic Countermeasures ............................... 172
Appendix 6-A: A Review of UHF/VHF Monostatic and Bistatic
Radar Cross-Section Data ................................. 180
Appendix 6-B: List of Symbols ................................. 183
References .................................................... 187
Chapter 7 Ionospheric Measurements ........................... 193
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 193
7.2 Field-Aligned Irregularities ............................. 194
7.3 Detection of FAI with Passive Radar ...................... 199
7.4 System Engineering Issues ................................ 204
7.5 Future Plans ............................................. 208
Acknowledgements .............................................. 209
References .................................................... 209
Chapter 8 Wind Measurements .................................. 212
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 212
8.2 Existing Radar Methods for Retrieving Vector Winds ....... 213
8.3 System Theory ............................................ 214
8.4 System Characteristics and Design Trade-Offs ............. 216
8.5 Test Results ............................................. 222
References .................................................... 228
Part II Bistatic Clutter and Signal Processing
Chapter 9 Clutter ............................................ 230
9.1 Introduction and Summary ................................. 230
9.2 System Parameters and Properties ......................... 232
9.3 Clutter Cross-Section Per Unit Area ...................... 240
Acknowledgements .............................................. 307
Appendix 9-A Aperture Diffraction Theory (Survey) ............. 309
A.1 Summary ............................................. 309
A.2 Overview ............................................ 309
A.3 Analysis ............................................ 310
Appendix 9-B Annotated List of Symbols ........................ 314
References .................................................... 317
Chapter 10 Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar ................. 320
10.1 Bistatic Phase History Data .............................. 323
10.2 Image Resolution ......................................... 328
10.3 Frequency Sample Data Collection ......................... 335
10.4 Bistatic SAR Image Formation ............................. 352
10.5 Motion Measurement Errors ................................ 370
10.6 Autofocus ................................................ 385
10.7 Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction ................. 410
10.8 Properties of Bistatic SAR Images ........................ 419
References .................................................... 426
Chapter 11 Adaptive Moving Target Indication .................. 432
11.1 Overview ................................................. 432
11.2 Bistatic Moving Target Indication ........................ 437
11.3 Bistatic Clutter Angle-Doppler Response .................. 449
11.4 Adaptive Bistatic Clutter Cancellation Methods ........... 455
11.5 Bistatic STAP Performance Characteristics ................ 469
11.6 Summary .................................................. 477
References .................................................... 479
Contributors .................................................. 842
Index ......................................................... 486
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