Preface ...................................................... viii
Acknowledgment ................................................ xix
Chapter I Introduction: Towards the Intelligent
Civilization of Ontological Technology ............. 1
What are Ontology and Computing Ontology? ....................... 1
The Standard Ontology for Machines and People .................. 10
Knowledge Society and Ontological Technology ................... 16
References ..................................................... 23
Chapter II Ways to View the World: A Standard Ontology as
the Reality Framework and World Code .............. 28
Introduction ................................................... 28
Top-Level Ontologies and Languages: The State of the Art ....... 30
Ontological Fundamentals ....................................... 34
The Elements and Principles of Reality ......................... 42
Carving Reality at its Joints, or the Ways to Classify
Things, Beings, Entities, or Resources ......................... 46
Conclusion ..................................................... 54
References ..................................................... 54
Chapter III The World Code: Mathematical Ontology as the
Real Road to Reality .............................. 57
Introduction ................................................... 57
The Standard Model of Reality .................................. 60
The Categories of the World .................................... 70
Conclusion ..................................................... 73
References ..................................................... 74
Chapter IV What Makes Reality: Ontological Classes and
Rules ............................................. 75
Introduction ................................................... 75
The Pillars of Reality Modeling ................................ 76
The Class of Substance (Objects, Material, and Nonmaterial) .... 79
The Class of State (Properties, Qualities, and Quantities) ..... 86
The Class of Change (Actions, Activities, and Events) .......... 96
Conclusion .................................................... 106
References .................................................... 107
Chapter V What Orders Reality: Relationship, Relatives,
and Relations .................................... 108
Introduction .................................................. 108
How to Define and Describe Relations .......................... 110
The Ontology of Relations ..................................... 1ll
A Universal Classification of Relations ....................... 119
Conclusion .................................................... 123
References .................................................... 124
Chapter VI What Organizes the World: N-Relational
Entities ......................................... 126
Introduction .................................................. 126
The Mathematics of Real Relationships ......................... 128
The Formal Ontology of Relationships: N-Relational Model
of Reality .................................................... 136
Conclusion .................................................... 143
References .................................................... 144
Chapter VII What Determines the World: Causality as the
Life-or-Death Relationship ....................... 146
Introduction .................................................. 146
A Unified Causal Theory: Causality, Inverse Causality, and
Causation ..................................................... 147
Causal Physics: Natural Processes, Forward, and Reverse ....... 154
Causal Mathematics: Formal Representation of Complex
Reality ....................................................... 160
Causal Sociology: Formal Representation of Social Reality ..... 168
Causal Reversibility as a Mechanism of the Real World,
or the Ail-Embracing Totality of Reverse Causality ............ 173
Conclusion .................................................... 178
References .................................................... 178
Chapter VIII How to Reason about the World: The Common
Reasoning Platform ............................... 181
Introduction .................................................. 181
The Real Logic of Things: The Kinds of Human and Machine
Thinking ...................................................... 182
Common Reasoning Environment: World Reasoning Rules and
the Web Rules Language ........................................ 186
Conclusion .................................................... 195
References .................................................... 195
Chapter IX How the World is Signified: Real World
Semantics, or What Meaning Relation is ........... 196
Introduction .................................................. 196
Ontology and Semantics ........................................ 198
Ontological Linguistics: A Unified Theory of Language ......... 201
Conclusion .................................................... 209
References .................................................... 209
Chapter X How to Represent the World: Ontology-
Controlled Natural Languages ..................... 211
Introduction .................................................. 211
Universal Namespace and Web Namespaces ........................ 213
Prepositions and Adverbs: Nature, Meaning, and
Classification ................................................ 227
Verb Space: Verbs, Predicates, and Entity Types ............... 229
Sentence Patterns: Sentences and RDF Triples .................. 236
Causal Statements: Syntax, Semantics, Ontology ................ 245
Conclusion .................................................... 252
References .................................................... 252
Chapter XI Natural Language Intelligences: The Virtual
or Digital Aristotle ............................. 255
Introduction .................................................. 255
A Universal Query System: The Entity Categories for
Question Answering Systems .................................... 257
The Standard Ontology and the WordNet Taxonomy ................ 263
Conclusion .................................................... 271
References .................................................... 272
Chapter XII The Knowledge Society Applications: The RRR
Language Machines ................................ 273
Introduction .................................................. 273
The RRR Machines: The Nature of Knowledge and World
Knowledge Systems ............................................. 275
The Meaning Processing in the Virtual Aristotle ............... 281
Ontology Machinery and Universal Knowledge Transducer ......... 290
The Encyclopedic Knowledge Base of the Virtual Aristotle ...... 295
Conclusion .................................................... 299
References .................................................... 300
Chapter XIII Reality Classification System: A Product Line
of the EIS UFO ................................... 302
Introduction .................................................. 302
The USECS®, Unified Standard Entity Classification System ..... 303
UFO and Upper Ontologies ...................................... 311
The Encyclopedic Knowledge Base of the Virtual Aristotle ...... 314
About the Author .............................................. 319
Index ......................................................... 321
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