 | Afgan N.H. Quality, sustainability and indicators of energy systems / Afgan N.H., da Graca Carvalhov M. - New York: Begell House, 2007. - ix, 239 p. : ill. - Ind.: p.237-239. - ISBN 978-1-56700-221-8
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Forward ........................................................ ix
Chapter 1
1. Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1. Globalization ........................................... 3
1.2. Democratization ......................................... 5
1.3. Decentralization ........................................ 5
1.4. Sustainability Science .................................. 6
1.4.1. Systems and Complexity ........................... 8
1.4.2. Core Questions .................................. 13
1.4.3. Research Strategies ............................. 14
1.4.4. Institutions and Infrastructure ................. 15
1.5. Sustainability Concept Definition ...................... 15
1.5.1. Strong versus Weak Sustainability ............... 17
1.5.2. Weak Sustainability ............................. 17
1.5.3. Strong Sustainability ........................... 18
Chapter 2
2. Sustainability Definitions .................................. 21
2.1. Agenda 21 .............................................. 22
Chapter 3
3. Multicriteria Decision Making Methods ....................... 25
3.1. Multicriteria decision making .......................... 26
3.2. Elimination and Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) ... 28
3.3. Preference Ranking Organization Method for
Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE ....................... 28
3.4. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) ..................... 29
3.5. Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) .................. 30
Chapter 4
4. Sustainability Assessments .................................. 33
4.1. What is "Fuzzy Sets Synthesis Technique"? .............. 33
4.2. How to Choose a Synthesizing Function and Weight
Coefficients ........................................... 36
4.3. How Does DSSS "ASPID - 3W" Work ........................ 39
4.4. Pyramidal Hierarchies of Indices ....................... 42
4.5. Pyramidal Hierarchies of Indices with Disjoint Sets
of Arguments ........................................... 45
4.6. Indices Hierarchies with Additional Synthesizing
Functions .............................................. 49
4.7. Randomization of Uncertain Weight Coefficients ......... 52
Chapter 5
5. Sustainability Modeling of Energy Systems ................... 59
5.1. Definitions of Quality ................................. 60
5.1.1. Resource Quality ................................ 60
5.1.2. Economic Quality ................................ 60
5.1.3. Environmental Quality ........................... 61
5.1.4. Technological Quality ........................... 61
5.1.5. Social Quality .................................. 62
5.2. Indicators ............................................. 62
5.2.1. Hierarchical Concept of Indicators .............. 62
5.2.2. Energy System Indicators ........................ 64
5.2.3. Indicators Hierarchies with Additive
Synthesizing Functions .......................... 65
5.2.4. Definition of Energy System Indicators .......... 68
5.3. Application ............................................ 68
Chapter 6
6. Potential Technology Development ............................ 73
6.1. Sustainable Energy Development ......................... 74
6.1.1. Energy Efficiency ............................... 74
6.1.1.1. Prevention of Energy Resources
Depletion with Scarcity Index
Control ................................ 74
6.1.1.2. Energy Conversion Efficiency ........... 75
6.1.1.3. Clean Air Technology Development ....... 76
6.1.1.3.1. Catalytic Combustion ........ 76
6.1.1.3.2. Fluidized Bed Combustion .... 76
6.1.1.3.3. Low NOx Burners ............. 77
6.1.1.3.4. New Boiler Designs .......... 77
6.1.2. Development of Intelligent Energy Systems ....... 78
6.1.2.1. Expert System in Energy Engineering .... 78
6.1.2.2. Fuzzy Logic Control .................... 78
6.1.2.3. Intelligent Energy Systems ............. 79
6.2. New and Renewable Energy Sources (NRES) ................ 80
6.2.1. Solar Energy System ............................. 81
6.2.2. Geothermal Energy Resources ..................... 82
6.2.3. Biomass Energy Resources ........................ 85
6.2.4. Wind Energy Resources ........................... 86
6.2.5. Hydro Energy Resources .......................... 87
6.3. Energy Polygeneration .................................. 88
6.4. Hydrogen Technology .................................... 90
6.4.1 Fuel Cell Technology ............................. 90
Chapter 7
7. Clean Air Technologies ...................................... 97
7.1. Sustainability Assessment .............................. 99
7.1.1. Option Selection ................................ 99
7.1.2. Defining Indicators ............................. 99
7.2. Single-Criteria Assessment ............................ 100
7.2.1. Investment Cost Comparison ..................... 100
7.2.2. Comparing Fuel Costs ........................... 100
7.2.3. Comparing Energy Costs ......................... 101
7.2.4. CO2 Emission Comparison ........................ 101
7.2.5. NOx Health Effect Comparison ................... 103
7.3. Multicriteria Assessment .............................. 103
7.4. Selection of Cases .................................... 105
7.5. Discussion of Multicriteria Evaluation ................ 112
Chapter 8
8. New and Renewable Energy Power Plants ...................... 115
8.1. Multicriteria Evaluation .............................. 115
8.2. NRES Power Plant Selection ............................ 116
8.2.1. Pulverized Coal Fired Power Plant .............. 116
8.2.2. Solar-Thermal Power Plant ...................... 117
8.2.3. Geothermal Power Plant ......................... 117
8.2.4. Biomass Power Plant ............................ 117
8.2.5. Nuclear Power Plant ............................ 117
8.2.6. PV Solar Power Plant ........................... 118
8.2.7. Wind Power Plant ............................... 118
8.2.8. Ocean Power Plant .............................. 118
8.2.9. Hydro Power Plant .............................. 118
8.2.10.Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) .............. 119
8.3. Multicriteria Sustainability Assessment ............... 119
8.3.1. Indicator Definition ........................... 119
8.4. Selection of Cases .................................... 121
8.4.1. Priority Given to One Indicator with Others
Being the Same ................................. 121
8.4.2. Priority of the Criteria Selected by Number
Orders ......................................... 125
8.5. Discussion ............................................ 128
Chapter 9
9. Water Desalination Systems ................................. 131
9.1. Desalting Plants in the Gulf Area: A New Outlook ...... 131
9.1.1 The MSF Desalting System Energy Consumption ..... 132
9.2. Desalination Plant Sustainability Indicators .......... 134
9.3. Desalination Plant Option Selection ................... 134
9.3.1. Option 1 - Single-Purpose MSF Desalination
Plants ......................................... 134
9.3.2. Option 2 - Dual-Purpose Power-MSF
Desalination Plants ............................ 136
9.3.3. Option 3 - Reverse Osmosis Desalting Plants
with Local Electric Energy Production .......... 137
9.3.4. Option 4 - Reverse Osmosis Desalination
Plant with PV Electric Energy Production ....... 138
9.4. Evaluation of the Sustainability Indicators. 139
9.4.1 Sustainability Assessment Procedure ............. 139
9.5. Discussion of the General Index of Sustainability ..... 140
Chapter 10
10.Sustainability Assessment of an Aluminum Heat Sink
Design ..................................................... 145
10.1.Analytical Model for Thermal Characterization of
Plate Fin Heat Sinks .................................. 147
10.2.Assessing Heat Sink Designs ........................... 149
10.3.Multicriteria Sustainability Assessment ............... 150
10.4.Multicriteria Evaluation .............................. 152
Chapter 11
11.Water Services Efficiency .................................. 159
11.1.Water Scarcity ........................................ 160
11.2.Water Services' Efficiency Determination .............. 162
11.2.1.Water Quality Indicators ....................... 162
11.2.2.Resource Indicators ............................ 163
11.2.3.Environmental Indicators ....................... 165
11.2.4.Social Indicators .............................. 165
11.2.5.Economic Indicators ............................ 166
11.3.Definition of Water Quality ........................... 167
11.4.The Water Services' Efficiency Estimation by
a Hierarchy of Indices Under "Total Uncertainty" ...... 170
11.5.The Water Services' Efficiency Estimation by a
Hierarchy of Indices Hierarchy of Indices with
the use of a NNN Information about Weight
Coefficients .......................................... 175
Chapter 12
12.Hydrogen Energy Systems .................................... 179
12.1.Assessing Sustainability .............................. 180
12.2.Selecting Options and Indicators for Hydrogen
Energy Systems ........................................ 185
12.2.1 Selecting Options .............................. 181
12.2.1.1.Photovoltaic Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) ... 181
12.2.1.2.Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) ......... 181
12.2.1.3.Natural Gas Turbine System (Gas
Turbine) .............................. 182
12.2.1.4.Photovoltaic System (PV) .............. 182
12.2.1.5.Wind Energy System (Wind) ............. 182
12.3.Selecting Indicators .................................. 182
12.3.1.Performance Indicators (PI) .................... 183
12.3.2.Market Indicators (MI) ......................... 183
12.3.3.Environment Indicators ......................... 184
12.3.4.Social Indicators .............................. 185
12.4.Single-Criteria Analysis .............................. 185
12.4.1.Performance Indicator (PI) ..................... 185
12.4.1.1.Efficiency Subindicator ............... 186
12.4.1.2.Electricity Cost Subindicator ......... 186
12.4.1.3.Capital Cost Subindicator ............. 187
12.4.1.4.Lifetime Subindicator ................. 188
12.4.2.Market Indicators .............................. 188
12.4.2.1.European Market Subindicator .......... 189
12.4.2.2.World Market .......................... 189
12.4.3.Environment Indicators (EI) .................... 190
12.4.3.1.C02 Concentration Subindicator ........ 190
12.4.3.2.NOx Concentration Subindicator ........ 191
12.4.3.3.Kyoto Index Subindicator .............. 191
12.4.4.Social Indicators (SI) ......................... 192
12.4.4.1.Area Subindicator ..................... 192
12.4.4.2.New Job Subindicator .................. 192
12.5.Indicators Agglomeration .............................. 193
12.5.1.Performance Agglomerated Indicators (PAI) ...... 194
12.5.2.Market Aggregated Indicators (MAI) ............. 196
12.5.3.Environment Agglomerated Indicators (EAI) ...... 198
12.5.4.Social Agglomerated Indicators (SAI) ........... 199
12.6.Multicriteria Sustainability Assessment ............... 200
12.6.1.Definition of the Sustainability Index ......... 200
12.6.2.Evaluating the Sustainability Index (SI) ....... 201
Chapter 13
13.Biomass Energy Systems ..................................... 205
13.1.Selecting Options ..................................... 205
13.1.1.Direct Biomass-Fired Power Plant Using
Biomass Residuals .............................. 206
13.1.2.Pulverized Coal-Fired Steam Cycle Power
Plant .......................................... 206
13.1.3.Natural Gas Combined-Cycle Power Plant ......... 207
13.1.4.Coal/Biomass Cofiring Power Plant .............. 207
13.1.5.Biomass-Fired Integrated Gasification with
a Combined Cycle System ........................ 207
13.1.6.Wind Energy System ............................. 208
13.2.Selecting Indicators .................................. 208
13.2.1.Economic Indicators (Eel) ...................... 209
13.2.2.Environment Indicators ......................... 209
13.2.3.Technological Indicators ....................... 210
13.2.4.Social Indicators .............................. 211
13.3.Results and Discussion ................................ 211
Chapter 14
14.Solar Energy Systems ....................................... 219
14.1.Selecting Power Plants ................................ 222
14.1.1.Solar Thermal Power Plants ..................... 222
14.1.2.PV Solar Power Plants .......................... 222
14.1.3.Wind Power Plants .............................. 222
14.1.4.Gas Turbine Power Plants ....................... 223
14.1.5.Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plants (PCPPs) ..... 223
14.2.Selecting Criteria and Defining Indicators ............ 223
14.2.1.Economic Indicators ............................ 224
14.2.2.Environment Indicators ......................... 225
14.2.3.Social Indicators .............................. 225
14.3.Multicnteria Sustainability Assessment ................ 226
14.3.1.Indicator Normalization ........................ 226
14.3.2.General Index of Sustainability ................ 226
14.3.3.Probability of Dominancy ....................... 227
14.4.Solar Energy System Evaluation ........................ 227
14.4.1.Agglomerated Indicators ........................ 227
14.4.1.1.Economic Indicators ................... 228
14.4.1.2.Environment Indicators ................ 228
14.4.1.3.Social Indicators ..................... 228
14.4.2.Sustainability Index Rating .................... 229
Index ......................................................... 237
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