List of contributors ........................................... xi
Preface ....................................................... xvi
Acknowledgments ............................................. xviii
1. Transmembrane Receptors in Plants: Receptor Kinases
and Their Ligands ............................................ 1
Keiko U. Torii
1.1. Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2. Classifications of the RLK superfamily .................. 2
1.3. Redundancy and antagonism among closely related RLKs .... 4
1.4. Ligands for RLKs ........................................ 7
1.5. Small peptides .......................................... 9
1.6. Cysteine-rich extracellular proteins ................... 12
1.7. Other possible ligands and their-corresponding
receptors .............................................. 14
1.8. Ligand-receptor interactions ........................... 15
1.9. Early events in receptor kinase signaling: dynamics
of receptor activation ................................. 17
1.10.Early events in receptor kinase signaling: emerging
link to small GTP-binding proteins ..................... 20
1.11.Future perspectives .................................... 21
2. Heterotrimeric G-Protein-Coupled Signaling in Higher
Plants ...................................................... 30
Lei Ding, Jin-Gui Chen, Alan M. Jones, and Sarah
M. Assmann
2.1. Introduction ........................................... 31
2.2. Heterotrimeric G proteins in nonplant systems .......... 31
2.3. Heterotrimeric G proteins in higher plants ............. 34
2.4. Conclusions and future directions ...................... 54
3. ROP/RAC GTPases ............................................. 64
Ying Fu, Tsutomu Kawasaki, Ко Shimamoto, and Zhenbiao Yang
3.1. Introduction ........................................... 64
3.2. Structural conservation and diversification ............ 66
3.3. Physiological functions and downstream signaling ....... 67
3.4. Mechanisms for the regulation of the ROP GTPase
"ON/OFF" status ........................................ 83
3.5. Potential upstream regulators of ROP signaling ......... 88
3.6. Future perspectives .................................... 90
4. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant
Intracellular Signaling .................................... 100
Shuqun Zhang
4.1. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are
evolutionarily conserved signaling modules in
eukaryotic cells ...................................... 100
4.2. History of plant МАРК research ........................ 101
4.3. Plant МАРК cascades ................................... 102
4.4. Negative regulation of plant МАРК cascades ............ 104
4.5. Important tools/techniques in МАРК research ........... 105
4.6. Biological functions of МАРК cascades in plants ....... 108
4.7. Signaling specificity of plant МАРК cascades .......... 124
4.8. Conclusion remarks .................................... 126
5. Calcium Signals and Their Regulation ....................... 137
Zhen-Ming Pei and Simon Gilroy
5.1. Introduction .......................................... 137
5.2. Ca2+ as a second messenger in plants: of signatures
and switches .......................................... 138
5.3. Ca2+ channels and pumps ............................... 141
5.4. Decoding the Ca2+ signal .............................. 143
5.5. Ca2+ and Nod-factor signaling: a role for kinases
in decoding the Ca2+ signal? .......................... 144
5.6. Ca2+ uptake and transport ............................. 149
5.7. Sensing extracellular Ca2+ ............................ 150
5.8. Ca2+, light, and circadian [Ca2+]
oscillations .......................................... 151
5.9. Conclusions and perspectives .......................... 153
6. Paradigms and Networks for Intracellular Calcium
Signaling in Plant Cells ................................... 163
Sheng Luan
6.1. Introduction .......................................... 163
6.2. CDPKs, plant calcium "sensor responders" .............. 165
6.3. CaM: small calcium sensors with a variety of target
proteins .............................................. 168
6.4. The CBL-CIPK network .................................. 174
6.5. Perspectives: complex networks for Ca2+ decoding
in plant cells ........................................ 180
7. Reactive Oxygen Signaling in Plants ........................ 189
Gad Miller, Jesse Coutu, Vladimir Shulaev, and Ron
Mittler
7.1. Introduction to reactive oxygen metabolism ............ 189
7.2. ROS signaling and its modulation by the ROS gene
network ............................................... 190
7.3. Subcellular localization and coordination of the
ROS network ........................................... 194
7.4. Key components of the ROS gene network identified
by reverse genetics ................................... 195
7.5. The ROS signal transduction pathway of plants ......... 195
7.6. Summary ............................................... 196
8. Lipid-Mediated Signaling ................................... 202
Wendy F. Boss, Daniel V. Lynch, and Xuemin Wang
8.1. Introduction .......................................... 202
8.2. Plant-specific features of phosphoinositide
signaling ............................................. 203
8.3. Phospholipase D signaling ............................. 217
8.4. Sphingolipid signaling ................................ 224
8.5. Summary ............................................... 232
9. The Cytoskeleton and Signal Transduction: Role and
Regulation of Plant Actin- and Microtubule-Binding
Proteins ................................................... 244
Patrick J. Hussey and Takashi Hashimoto
9.1. Actin cytoskeleton .................................... 245
9.2. Actin nucleation ...................................... 245
9.3. Actin-binding proteins that modulate monomer/
polymer dynamics ...................................... 249
9.4. Microtubule cytoskeleton .............................. 253
9.5. ROP ................................................... 254
9.6. Protein phosphorylation ............................... 255
9.7. Calcium ............................................... 261
9.8. Conclusion ............................................ 262
10.The PCI Complexes and the Ubiquitin Proteasome System
(UPS) in Plant Development ................................. 273
Yair Halimi and Daniel A. Chamovitz
10.1.General overview ...................................... 273
10.2.The PCI complexes ..................................... 274
10.3.PCI/MPN domain ........................................ 278
10.4.Inter-PCI-complex relationships ....................... 279
10.5.Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-conjugating cascade ........... 280
10.6.Other COP/DET proteins ................................ 286
10.7.The UPS and plant physiology .......................... 288
11.Signaling Between the Organelles and the Nucleus ........... 307
Aurora Pinas Fernandez and Asa Strand
11.1.Introduction .......................................... 307
11.2.Plastid-to-nucleus communication ...................... 308
11.3.Mitochondria-to-nucleus communication ................. 318
11.4.Emission of organellar signals ........................ 321
11.5.Targets of retrograde communication ................... 323
11.6.Organelle-to-organelle communication .................. 325
11.7.Concluding remarks .................................... 327
12.Signaling by Protein Phosphorylation in Cell Division ...... 336
Michiko Sasabe and Yasunori Machida
12.1.Introduction .......................................... 336
12.2.Progression of mitosis by cyclin-dependent kinases
in plants ............................................. 337
12.3.Aurora kinases in plants .............................. 339
12.4.Cytokinesis modulated by the MAP kinase cascade ....... 345
12.5.Concluding remarks .................................... 351
13.Guard Cell Signaling ....................................... 362
Yan Wu
13.1.Introduction .......................................... 362
13.2.ABA-mediated guard cell signaling ..................... 364
13.3.CO2 signaling in guard cells .......................... 373
13.4.Light signaling in guard cells ........................ 375
13.5.Innate immunity in guard cells ........................ 377
13.6.Extracellular Ca2+ sensing in guard cells ............. 378
13.7.Conclusions and prospects ............................. 379
14.The Molecular Networks of Abiotic Stress Signaling ......... 388
Zhizhong Gong, Viswanathan Chinnusamy, and Jian-Kang Zhu
14.1.Introduction .......................................... 389
14.2.Abscisic acid ......................................... 389
14.3.The molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance ............ 395
14.4.The transcriptional regulation of cold- and
drought-inducible genes ............................... 398
14.5.Oxidative stress management ........................... 402
14.6.Posttranscriptionl regulation of gene expression ...... 403
14.7.Future perspectives ................................... 406
14.1.Index ................................................. 417
Color plate (between pages 174 and 175)
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