CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1
1.1. MULTIPHASE FLOW ........................................... 1
1.2. GAS/LIQUID FLOW ........................................... 1
1.3. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK ................................... 3
1.4. DEFINITIONS AND BASIC PARAMETERS .......................... 4
1.5. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK ................................. 9
CHAPTER 2 - THE SEPARATED FLOW APPROACH ........................ 11
2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 11
2.2. SEPARATED FLOW CONCEPT ................................... 11
2.3. MOMENTUM EQUATION ........................................ 13
2.3.1. Basic Equations .................................. 13
2.3.2. Frictional Component ............................. 15
2.3.3. Gravitational Component .......................... 15
2.3.4. Accelerational Component ......................... 16
2.3.5. Combined Equation ................................ 17
2.4. DATABASE ................................................. 19
2.5. VOID FRACTION EQUATIONS .................................. 19
2.5.1. Empirical Multiplier on the Homogeneous
Description ...................................... 21
2.5.2. Correlations for Slip Ratio ...................... 21
2.5.3. Drift Flux Correlations .......................... 22
2.5.4. Direct Correlations .............................. 24
2.5.5. Test of Equations ................................ 25
2.6. FRICTIONAL PRESSURE DROP EQUATIONS ....................... 27
2.6.1. Homogeneous Model ................................ 28
2.6.2. Graphical Correlations ........................... 28
2.6.3. Algebraic Correlations ........................... 29
2.6.4. Test of Overall Pressure Drop Predictions ........ 31
CHAPTER 3 - STRUCTURE OF FLOW AND FLOW PATTERNS ................ 35
3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 35
3.2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE FLOW ................................ 35
3.3. FLOW PATTERNS IN VERTICAL UPFLOW ......................... 39
3.4. FLOW PATTERN MAPS IN VERTICAL UPFLOW ..................... 41
3.5. FLOW PATTERNS IN HORIZONTAL FLOW ......................... 43
3.6. FLOW PATTERN MAPS - HORIZONTAL FLOW ...................... 45
3.7. FLOW PATTERN WITH PHASE CHANGE ........................... 45
3.7.1. Evaporation - Vertical ........................... 46
3.7.2. Condensation - Horizontal ........................ 46
3.7.3. Evaporation - Horizontal ......................... 48
3.7.4. Effect of Phase Change on Flow Pattern ........... 49
CHAPTER 4 - FLOW PATTERN TRANSITION MODELS FOR
VERTICAL UPWARD FLOWS .............................. 51
4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 51
4.2. TRANSITIONS INVOLVING BUBBLY FLOWS ....................... 51
4.3. TRANSITIONS AT HIGHER GAS VELOCITIES ..................... 59
CHAPTER 5 - BUBBLY, SLUG AND CHURN FLOWS IN
VERTICAL PIPES ..................................... 67
5.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 67
5.2. BUBBLY FLOW .............................................. 67
5.3. SLUG FLOW ................................................ 71
5.4. CHURN FLOW ............................................... 80
CHAPTER 6 - VERTICAL ANNULAR FLOW .............................. 87
6.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 87
6.2. THE BASIC EQUATIONS ...................................... 87
6.3. THE LIQUID FILM .......................................... 90
6.3.1. Methods of Measurement ........................... 90
6.3.2. Interface Characteristics ........................ 92
6.3.3. Causes of Disturbance Waves ...................... 97
6.3.4. Wave Frequency and Velocity ...................... 98
6.3.5. Modelling of Disturbance waves .................. 106
6.3.6. Film Thickness and Interfacial Shear Stress ..... 107
6.4. ENTRAINED FRACTION AND RATES OF ATOMISATION
AND DEPOSITION .......................................... 111
6.4.1. Mechanisms of Atomisation ....................... 111
6.4.2. Methods of Measurement .......................... 113
6.4.3. Inception of Entrainment ........................ 119
6.4.4. Data Sources and Parametric Trends for
Entrained Fraction .............................. 122
6.4.5. Equations to Predict Entrained Fraction ......... 125
6.4.6. Mechanism of Deposition ......................... 126
6.4.7. Methods to Predict Rates of Entrainment and
Deposition ...................................... 130
6.5. DROP SIZES .............................................. 131
6.5.1. Methods of Measurement .......................... 131
6.5.2. Means and Distribution .......................... 134
6.5.3. Sources of Data and Parametric Trends ........... 136
6.5.4. Equations to Predict Drop Size .................. 142
6.5.5. Drop Velocities ................................. 145
6.5.6. Turbulence ...................................... 147
6.6. SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND PREDICTIONS ................... 150
6.6.1. Methods of Solution ............................. 150
6.6.2. Comparison of Predictions with Experimental
Data ............................................ 151
CHAPTER 7 - STRATIFIED FLOW AND FLOW PATTERN TRANSITIONS
IN HORIZONTAL PIPES ............................... 155
7.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 155
7.2. STRATIFIED FLOW MODEL ................................... 155
7.3. STRATIFIED TO SLUG OR ANNULAR TRANSITION ................ 158
7.4. SLUG/ANNULAR TRANSITION ................................. 161
7.5. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTS ............................. 163
CHAPTER 8 - STRATIFIED, ANNULAR AND SLUG FLOW HORIZONTAL
AND INCLINED PIPES ................................ 167
8.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 167
8.2. STRATIFIED AND ANNULAR FLOWS ............................ 167
8.2.1. Models for Stratified and Annular Flows .......... 176
8.3. SLUG FLOW ............................................... 185
CHAPTER 9 - MORE COMPLEX GEOMETRIES ........................... 195
9.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 195
9.2. ANNULI AND BUNDLES ...................................... 195
9.2.1. Flow in Vertical Annuli ......................... 195
9.2.2. Horizontal flow in an annulus ................... 196
9.2.3. Axial Flow in Bundles ........................... 196
9.2.4. Cross Flow Through Bundles ...................... 196
9.2.5. Flow Pattern Maps ............................... 198
9.2.6. Models for Flow Pattern Transitions ............. 200
9.2.7. Flow Pattern Specific Information and Models .... 202
9.3. BENDS AND COILS ......................................... 207
9.4. ENLARGEMENTS, CONTRACTIONS AND ORIFICE PLATES ........... 220
9.4.1. Enlargements .................................... 221
9.4.2. Contractions .................................... 229
9.4.3. Orifice Plates .................................. 231
9.5. VENTURIS ................................................ 233
CHAPTER 10 - TWO-PHASE FLOW AT T-JUNCTIONS .................... 243
10.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 243
10.2. COMBINING JUNCTIONS ..................................... 243
10.3. DIVIDING JUNCTIONS ...................................... 246
10.3.1. Background ...................................... 246
10.3.2. Parametric trends ............................... 248
10.3.3. Models of phase separation ...................... 260
10.3.4. Predictive capabilities of models ............... 269
10.3.5. Pressure drop ................................... 274
10.4. USE OF A T-JUNCTION AS PARTIAL PHASE SEPARATOR .......... 275
APPENDICES
1. TABLES OF DATA SOURCES ..................................... 279
2. EXAMPLES ................................................... 283
NOMENCLATURE .................................................. 291
REFERENCES .................................................... 299
|
