CONTRIBUTORS ................................................... xi
SERIES PREFACE ................................................. xv
PREFACE ...................................................... xvii
PART I CARBON NANOTUBES ......................................... 1
1. Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors and Biosensors ................. 3
Richard G. Compton, Gregory G. Wildgoose, and Elicia
L.S. Wong
1.1. Introduction to the Structure of Carbon Nanotubes ....... 3
1.2. Electroanalysis Using CNT-Modified Electrodes ........... 7
1.3. Advantageous Application of CNTs in Sensors: pH
Sensing ................................................ 13
1.4. Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors ....................... 18
1.5. Using CNTs in Biosensor Production for Medical
Diagnostics and Environmental Applications ............. 25
References .................................................. 30
2. Isotropic Display of Biomolecules on CNT-Arrayed
Nanostructures .............................................. 39
Mark R. Contarino, Gary Withey, and Irwin Chaiken
2.1. Introduction: CNT Arrays for Biosensing ................ 40
2.2. Functionalization of CNTs: Controlling Display
Through Covalent Attachment ............................ 41
2.3. Self-Assembling Interfaces: Anchor-Probe Approach ...... 49
2.4. Molecular Wiring of Redox Enzymes ...................... 53
2.5. Multiplexing Biomolecules on Nanoscale CNT Arrays ...... 54
2.6. Conclusions ............................................ 59
References .................................................. 60
3. Interaction of DNA with CNTs: Properties and Prospects
for Electronic Sequencing ................................... 67
Sheng Meng and Efthimios Kaxiras
3.1. Introduction ........................................... 68
3.2. Structural Properties of Combined DNA-CNT Systems ...... 70
3.3. Electronic Structure ................................... 79
3.4. Optical Properties ..................................... 85
3.5. Biosensing and Sequencing of DNA Using CNTs ............ 88
3.6. Summary ................................................ 92
References .................................................. 93
PART II NANOPARTICLES .......................................... 97
4. Improved Electrochemistry of Biomolecules Using
Nanomaterials ............................................... 99
Jianxiu Wang, Andrew J. Wain, Xu Zhu, and Feimeng Zhou
4.1. Introduction .......................................... 100
4.2. CNT-Based Electrochemical Biosensors .................. 100
4.3. Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensors ......... 110
4.4. Quantum Dot-Based Electrochemical Biosensors .......... 122
4.5. Conclusions and Outlook ............................... 123
References ................................................. 125
5. The Metal Nanoparticle Plasmon Band as a Powerful Tool
for Chemo- and Biosensing .................................. 137
Audrey Moores and Pascal Le Floch
5.1. Introduction .......................................... 138
5.2. The SPB: An Optical Property of Metal NPs ............. 143
5.3. Plasmon Band Variation Upon Aggregation of
Nanoparticles ......................................... 154
5.4. Plasmon Band Variation on the Environment or Ligand
Alteration ............................................ 164
5.5. Metal Nanoparticles as Labels ......................... 167
5.6. Conclusions ........................................... 169
References ................................................. 170
6. Gold Nanoparticles: A Versatile Label for Affinity
Electrochemical Biosensors ................................. 177
Adriano Ambrosi, Alfredo de la Escosura-Muniz, Maria
Teresa Castaneda, and Arben Merkoci
6.1. Introduction .......................................... 178
6.2. Synthesis of AuNPs .................................... 179
6.3. Characterization of AuNPs ............................. 179
6.4. AuNPs as Detecting Labels for Affinity Biosensors ..... 181
6.5. Conclusions ........................................... 191
References ................................................. 192
7. Quantum Dots for the Development of Optical Biosensors
Based on Fluorescence ...................................... 199
W. Russ Algar and Ulrich J. Krull
7.1. Introduction .......................................... 200
7.2. Quantum Dots .......................................... 205
7.3. Basic Photophysics and Quantum Confinement ............ 207
7.4. Quantum Dot Surface Chemistry and Bioconjugation ...... 212
7.5. Bioanalytical Applications of Quantum Dots as
Fluorescent Labels .................................... 225
7.6. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer and Quantum
Dot Biosensing ........................................ 232
7.7. Summary ............................................... 238
References ................................................. 239
8. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery and Biosensing Systems: An
Example .................................................... 247
Almudena Munoz Javier, Pablo del Pino, Stefan Kudera,
and Wolfgang J. Parak
8.1. Introduction .......................................... 247
8.2. Functional Colloidal Nanoparticles .................... 250
8.3. Polyelectrolyte Capsules as a Functional Carrier
System ................................................ 256
8.4. Uptake of Capsules by Cells ........................... 259
8.5. Delivery and Sensing with Polyelectrolyte Capsules .... 262
8.6. Conclusions ........................................... 270
References ............................................ 270
9. Luminescent Quantum Dot FRET-Based Probes in Cellular
and Biological Assays ...................................... 275
Lifang Shi, Nitsa Rosenzweig, and Zeev Rosenzweig
9.1. Introduction .......................................... 275
9.2. Luminescent Quantum Dots .............................. 276
9.3. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ................ 278
9.4. Quantum Dot FRET-Based Protease Probes ................ 280
9.5. Summary and Conclusions ............................... 283
References ................................................. 284
10.Quantum Dot-Polymer Bead Composites for Biological
Sensing Applications ....................................... 291
Jonathan M, Behrendt and Andrew J. Sutherland
10.1.Introduction .......................................... 291
10.2.Quantum Dot-Composite Construction .................... 293
10.3.Applications of QD Composites ......................... 307
10.4.Future Directions ..................................... 325
References ................................................. 327
11.Quantum Dot Applications in Biomolecule Assays ............. 333
Ying Xu, Pingang He, and Yuzhi Fang
11.1.Introduction to QDs and Their Applications ............ 333
11.2.Preparation of QDs for Conjugation with
Biomolecules and Cells ................................ 337
11.3.Special Optoelectronic Properties in the
Bioemployment of QDs .................................. 340
11.4.Employment of QDs as Biosensing Indicators ............ 344
References ................................................. 349
12.Nanoparticles and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectroscopy-Based Biosensing .............................. 355
Arben Merkoci, Roza Allabashi, and Alfredo de la
Escosura-Muniz
12.1.ICP-MS and Application Possibilities .................. 355
12.2.Detection of Metal Ions ............................... 360
12.3.Detection of Nanoparticles ............................ 361
12.4.Analysis of Metal-Containing Biomolecules ............. 363
12.5.Bioanalysis Based on Labeling with Metal
Nanoparticles ......................................... 364
12.6.Conclusions ........................................... 372
References ................................................. 373
PART III NANOSTRUCTURED SURFACES .............................. 377
13.Integration Between Template-Based Nanostructured
Surfaces and Biosensors .................................... 379
Walter Vastarella, Jan Maly, Mihaela Hie, and Roberto
Pilloton
13.1.Introduction .......................................... 380
13.2.Nanosphere Lithography ................................ 380
13.3.Nanoelectrodes Ensemble for Biosensing Devices ........ 390
13.4.Concluding Remarks .................................... 406
References ................................................. 407
14.Nanostructured Affinity Surfaces for MALDI-TOF-MS-Based
Protein Profiling and Biomarker Discovery .................. 421
R.M. Valiant, M. Rainer, M. Najam-Ul-Haq, R. Bakry,
C. Petter, N. Heigl, G.K. Bonn, and C.W. Huck
14.1.Proteomics and Biomarkers ............................. 421
14.2.MALDI in Theory and Practice .......................... 422
14.3.Carbon Nanomaterials .................................. 429
14.4.Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy
of Carbon Nanomaterials ............................... 448
References ................................................. 451
PART IV NANOPORES ............................................. 457
15.Biosensing with Nanopores .................................. 459
Ivan Vlassiouk and Sergei Smirnov
15.1.Nanoporous Materials in Sensing ....................... 459
15.2.Nanochannel and Nanopore Fabrication .................. 460
15.3.Surface Modification Chemistry ........................ 469
15.4.Nonelectrical Nanoporous Biosensors ................... 472
15.5.Electrical Nanoporous Biosensors ...................... 474
15.6.Summary ............................................... 486
References ................................................. 486
INDEX ......................................................... 491
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