List of plates ................................................. ix
List of figures ................................................ xi
List of tables ................................................ xvi
List of boxes .................................................. xx
Preface to the third edition ................................. xxii
Acknowledgements ............................................. xxvi
Prologue: 'catchment consciousness' ........................ xxviii
1. A 'world water crisis'? The history and current
trajectory of water management ............................... 1
1.1. Hydraulic cultures and religious codes: management
in advance of science ................................... 2
1.2. Engineering and science: the rise of hydraulics and
hydrology ............................................... 4
1.3. Monks, mills and mines: coordination but abuse of
rivers in England ....................................... 9
1.4. Urbanisation and industrialisation: a steep
deterioration .......................................... 12
1.5. Sustainability, the current 'crisis' and the
challenges of the future ............................... 14
2. The river basin (eco)system: biophysical dynamics,
'natural' and 'compromised' ................................. 20
2.1. Flow of water and transport of sediment ................ 23
2.2. Channel morphology: indicating process and state? ...... 33
2.3. Towards the 'fluvial hydrosystem: floodplains .......... 41
2.4. Sediment 'delivery' at the basin scale: sources,
pathways and targets ................................... 46
2.5. Incorporating the basin-scale sediment system in
ecosystem management ................................... 48
3. Land-water interactions: the evidence base for catchment
planning and management ..................................... 52
3.1. Vegetation, soils and hydrology: a humid climate
perspective ............................................ 55
3.2. Groundwater exploitation and protection ................ 71
3.3. The devil of the detail: runoff modifications in
developed river basins ................................. 75
3.4. Land and water: off-site impacts on water quality
and biota .............................................. 79
3.5. Conclusions: towards water body 'pressures' ............ 92
4. Managing land, water and rivers in the developed world:
an international survey ..................................... 94
4.1. Development and the river basin ........................ 94
4.2. River basin management in the USA ...................... 96
4.3. Canadian river basin management ....................... 117
4.4. Australia: lessons learned late on a settler legacy ... 124
4.5. New Zealand: resource management conditioned by
hazard ................................................ 135
4.6. Reflections: national priorities in the developed
world ................................................. 141
5. River basins and development: sample trajectories .......... 143
5.7. New millennium, new tensions: incorporating poverty
and health in the water agenda ........................ 143
5.2. Characteristics of water development projects in
the twentieth century: 'gigantism' .................... 150
5.3. A development focus: food, power and trade in
drylands .............................................. 153
5.4. River basin management in Iran: the Zayandeh Rud ...... 159
5.5. The Nile: a definitive case of hydropolitics .......... 163
5.6. River basin development authorities: experience
elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa ....................... 170
5.7. South Africa: a unique water management experiment .... 177
5.8. Land use writ large? Himalayan headwaters and the
GBM ................................................... 185
5.9. Is the dam-based development mega-project a thing of
the past? ............................................. 194
5.10.Development and rivers: broad trends .................. 199
6. Technical issues in river basin management ................. 201
6.1. Soil erosion .......................................... 202
6.2. A stressed global food supply - ' Water for Food,
Water for Life' ....................................... 211
6.3. Dams and development - sedimentation, environmental
flows, impact assessment .............................. 227
6.4. Conservation and restoration of river channels and
wetlands .............................................. 243
6.5. Climate change and river basin management ............. 253
6.6. Conclusions ........................................... 266
7. Institutional issues in river basin management: stasis
and change in England and Wales ............................ 268
7.1. Delivering IWRMIIRBM within contexts of rights and
governance ............................................ 269
7.2. Can basin authorities work? From the TVA to CM As
andRBDs ............................................... 272
7.3. Case study: the evolution of basin management
institutions in England and Wales ..................... 276
7.4. A flood-prone nation: land drainage leads the way ..... 277
7.5. Basin-scale regulation: water resources and
pollution ............................................. 279
7.6. Private or public? Economics and environment .......... 281
7.7. An Environment Agency -for sustainable development
and the WFD ........................................... 283
7.8. Integration with land-use planning: flooding leads
again ................................................. 290
7.9. The spotlight of sustainable development .............. 294
7.10.River basin institutions and developing nations ....... 297
7.11.Institutions for international river basin
management ............................................ 299
7.12.Sustainability and subsidiarity - scale-sensitive
institutions! organisations which can plan basin
development ........................................... 303
8. Sustainable river basin management with uncertain
knowledge .................................................. 306
8.1. A'watery form of sustainability' ...................... 307
8.2. Science in the 'New Environmental Age' and the 'Risk
Society' .............................................. 310
8.3. Uncertain 'science speaks to power' ................... 313
8.4. Uncertain science and land-water management:
the early evidence and the 'catchment era' ............ 315
8.5. Uncertain science and land-water management: where
now? .................................................. 318
8.6. Implementation: land-use controls in river basins -
the case of UK forestry and farming ................... 323
8.7. Broadening horizons: new knowledge -people speak to
science ............................................... 326
8.8. 'Walk your watershed': catchment health - a case
for acupuncture? ...................................... 327
9. Adaptive land and water management: through participation
and social learning to hydropolitical decisions ............ 332
9.1. 'Big themes' for future land and water development .... 332
9.2. Scale-sensitive governance, information flows and
social learning ....................................... 336
9.3. Experiences of participation: stakeholders and 'Joe
Public' ............................................... 341
9.4. The cauldron of hydropolitics and the spell of
economics ............................................. 344
9.5. Formalities of adaptive management .................... 351
Postscript: globalised water - will poverty, trade and
energy issues override basin-scale management? ................ 355
Poverty, water poverty and trading out water stress ........... 356
Will 'virtual water' work? .................................... 357
Water and energy: fuelling desalination, hydro-electricity
and irrigating biofuels! ................................... 358
The ultimate challenge: ecosystem management under
uncertainty, ignorance and surprises .......................... 361
The Aral Sea - righting the wrongs? ........................... 363
References .................................................... 365
Index ......................................................... 424
Plates
Frontispiece Flooding in the Thames Valley near Oxford ......... ii
i. 'Rain Harvester', a sculpture by Julia Barton, which
seeks to expose the normally hidden connectivity
between rainfall and a small pond in Northumberland ....... xxix
1.1. Roman water supply engineering, Corbridge,
Northumberland ........................................ 6
1.2. Leonardo da Vinci's map of northern Italy showing
the watershed of the River Arno ....................... 8
2.1. The 'wandering' gravel-bed channel of the River
South Tyne, Northumberland, UK ....................... 30
3.1. The 'water delivery': children learning hydrology -
collecting their minimum daily needs for 'blue' and
'green' water from the doorstep as if it were dairy
milk ................................................. 55
3.2. Hydrological challenges: (a) the flux away from a
commercial forest as intercepted water 'steams'
away; (b) waiting for flow: a measurement weir in
a wadi in semi-arid Israel ........................... 58
4.1. Rapid suburbanisation of Sydney, Australia has
been accompanied by surface water detention ponds
and protection of local stream channels ............. 128
4.2. Landslide resulting from Cyclone Bola, Napier,
North Island, New Zealand ........................... 138
5.1. Encroachment by dryland development on to
hazardous alluvial fan environments, Eilat,
Israel .............................................. 153
5.2(a).Old and new: qanat and dam water management
and(b).systems in the Zayandeh Rud, Iran ................. 161-2
5.3. Small-scale irrigation in the Kesem valley,
Awash Basin, Ethiopia ............................... 173
6.1. Sheet and gully erosion, Ethiopian Plateau .......... 207
6.2. Efficient irrigation supply to crops in Israel and
heavy depletion by small 'farm dams' in South
Africa .............................................. 221
6.3. The control of river flows by valves: inside
Clywedog dam, mid-Wales, regulating the flow of
the River Severn .................................... 233
6.4. The restored River Skerne, Darlington, UK, showing
the introduced meanders and rehabilitated
floodplain .......................................... 249
7.1(a).Flood risk in the centre of Lincoln is high.
It has been reduced by creative use of farmland
upstream ............................................ 279
7.1(b).At high flows water which would normally flood
Lincoln is now released on to this floodplain
farmland ............................................ 280
7.2(a).'Making space for water': reinstatement of
a flood bank to protect a recently damaged rural
community - higher, stronger, but further from
the river: removal of the old flood bank ............ 291
7.2(b).The new flood bank completed ........................ 291
Figures
1. The river basin ecosystem and a 'slice' of
environmental assessments .................................. xxx
1.1. The Roda nilometer, upon which the heights of the
annual Nile flood have been measured from antiquity ..... 5
1.2. Domesday (i.e. ad 1086) mills and fisheries on the
River Thames, England .................................. 10
2.1. The fluvial hydrosystem in three dimensions (a fourth
is time) ............................................... 21
2.2. Overlap areas in the study of fluvial hydrosystems
to benefit the management of freshwater ecosystems ..... 23
2.3. Independent and dependent controls of river channel
form ................................................... 24
2.4. A pictorial representation of the fluvial sediment
transfer system and its main process links ............. 26
2.5. Timescales of river system sediment transport and
morphological response: the characteristic length
and timescales of major river forms .................... 31
2.6. Sediment storage - a regulatory function of
catchment ecosystems: Redwood Creek, California ........ 32
2.7. A classification of river channel planforms based
upon sediment load, cross-section and stability ........ 35
2.8. Channel planform change identified from historic
maps and aerial photographs: River Severn, Maesmawr,
mid-Wales .............................................. 37
2.9. Zones of the valley floor within the basin ............. 42
2.10.The importance of 'wild' river channel migration and
in floodplain formation for the creation of a
variety of habitats in space and through time .......... 45
2.11.Source components of the sediment inflow to two
Midland lakes .......................................... 48
2.12.Duration and location of long-term sediment storage
in the fluvial landscape ............................... 48
2.13.Five principal factors influencing freshwater
ecosystem integrity or health .......................... 49
3.1. 'Blue' and 'green' water partitioned in the land
phase of the hydrological cycle (a) as a global
balance and (b) as management domains .................. 54
3.2. The global hydrological cycle .......................... 56
3.3. Factors influencing hydrological processes in the
river basin ............................................ 56
3.4. Forest cover and increased evapotranspiration: an
international review ................................... 62
3.5. Deforestation: hydrological impact assessment, with
special relevance to the tropics ....................... 64
3.6. Slope section and plan to emphasise saturated zones
built up by subsurface flow processes .................. 66
3.7. Expansion of the dynamic contributing area of
a drainage basin into ephemeral channels and areas
of saturated soils during the passage of a flood
hydrograph ............................................. 67
3.8. The influence of development on slope hydrology,
indicating the role of urbanisation and agriculture .... 68
3.9. The hydrological/hydraulic principle of flood wave
(hydrograph) attenuation, a central objective of SUDS
techniques ............................................. 70
3.10.Unsustainable management of groundwater: (a)
overdraft and excessive depletion rates in the USA;
(b) nitrate pollution of groundwater in the EU ......... 74
3.11.Influences on the annual regime of river flow and
the influence of land use and land management on
the volume and timing of flow events ................... 76
3.12.Hydrological effects of rural land use and land
management ............................................. 77
3.13.Sources of pollution: a simple classification .......... 82
3.14.Controls on sediment transport: general 'settler'
development processes on pristine landscape ............ 83
3.15.Processes leading to the production of stream
solute loads in a natural catchment .................... 84
3.16.A simple typology of planning policies in relation
to river and groundwater pollution control ............. 87
3.17.The nitrogen cycle for developed land surfaces and
the seasonal risk of nitrate leaching for two crops,
winter cereals and potatoes ............................ 88
3.18.Chemical influences on runoff from urban surfaces ...... 90
3.19.Changing river water quality as a result of land use ... 91
4.1. The world's largest river basins ....................... 95
4.2. The USA, with the British Isles at the same scale,
showing the extent and central position of the
Mississippi basin ...................................... 96
4.3. Features of the Colorado basin, an 'American Nile' .... 100
4.4. Detailed canopy management and streamflow response
in the USA ............................................ 108
4.5. Canadian interbasin transfer schemes and irrigation ... 118
4.6. Ontario Conservation Authority areas in the Lake
Ontario area .......................................... 121
4.7. Problems of water resource management in Australia .... 125
4.8. Soil salinity and its relationship with land use in
Australia ............................................. 134
4.9. New Zealand floodplains ............................... 137
5.1. Major river basins, least developed countries and
the world's arid and semi-arid lands .................. 154
5.2. Problems of the developing semi-arid world: the
sensitivity of the growing season to the water
balance, both depths and timings, normal and
drought ............................................... 155
5.3. A broader understanding of drought relating
to climate, land use and duration of dry conditions ... 156
5.4. The Zayandeh Rud basin, Iran: the basin, its setting
and two annual hydrographs, one from upstream and
one downstream of Isfahan, the major population
centre ................................................ 160
5.5. Nile basin annual rainfall and the Nile flood
hydrograph, subdivided by contributing catchment ...... 163
5.6. Nile water resources - dreams and reality ............. 167
5.7. The Awash valley, Ethiopia and schemes developed
by the former Awash Valley Authority .................. 172
5.8. The area of the Tana and Athi Rivers Authority and
its decision network diagram .......................... 175
5.9. River flow and major dam impoundments in South
Africa ................................................ 178
5.10.Water allocation under the National Water Act in
South Africa .......................................... 181
5.11.The physiographic instability problem of the
Himalaya-Ganges region: montane geomorphology and
hazard ................................................ 187
5.12.Himalayan research: appropriate scales for
implementation ........................................ 188
5.13.Indian water resource development at different
scales ................................................ 193
5.14.The Narmada scheme, western India, indicating
the heavy reliance on dam construction ................ 196
5.15.Traditional Indian dryland farming strategy:
the Khadin irrigation system .......................... 197
6.1. Mismanagement of land resources: soil erosion in
context ............................................... 203
6.2. Controlling factors built into the calculations
of the universal soil loss equation (USLE) ............ 205
6.3. Soil erosion and sustainability: comparing
the rate of soil production by weathering and
loss by careless cultivations ......................... 207
6.4. Irrigation and its water use .......................... 217
6.5. Canal irrigation: distribution problems with
increasing distance from the river offtake ............ 221
6.6. The 'hydro-illogical cycle' ........................... 226
6.7. Influences of river regulation (by dam construction)
on downstream flows ................................... 228
6.8. The role of tributary flow and sediment inputs in
the adjustment of fluvial morphology to regulated
flows below reservoirs ................................ 229
6.9. River regulation and equilibrium ...................... 230
6.10.Sediment delivery ratios .............................. 232
6.11.Patterns of UK river regulation ....................... 235
6.12.Competing uses for segments of the flow hydrograph -
developed world ....................................... 237
6.13.Bar graphs indicating the popularity of the
available environmental flow assessment techniques .... 239
6.14.Environmental impact diagram for assessment o
impoundment/regulation projects ....................... 242
6.15.River rehabilitation via instream structures -
frequently used by fisheries interests ................ 246
6.16.The case for conservation: matching effort to
system conditions ..................................... 250
6.17.Restoration of Netherlands tributaries of the Rhine ... 253
6.18.The critical path to global conflict over water and
other major resources following climate change ........ 263
6.19.Climate change and river management in England and
Wales ............................................... 264-5
7.1. The social scales and groupings of Agenda 21
implementation ........................................ 268
7.2. The drainage problem in England and Wales: flood-
prone rivers and wetlands ............................. 278
7.3. Institutional checks and balances following the
privatisation of water services in England and
Wales ................................................. 283
7.4. Integrating institutional plans with functional
responsibilities for river basin management in
England and Wales, within a context of sustainable
ecological limits and the WFD ......................... 285
8.1. The sustainable development triangle for water ........ 309
8.2. Deterministic hydrological models, (a) lumped and
(b) distributed: an alternative to catchment
research? ............................................. 320
8.3. Gaps which threaten the application of catchment
research to catchment management planning ............. 323
8.4. The Mersey Basin Campaign and its key players ......... 329
8.5. Guidance on land-use management for catchment
protection: cultivation furrows, cross-drains and
buffer zones .......................................... 330
9.1. Carrying capacity arguments for water use ............. 333
9.2. The complex of projects involved in river basin
development ........................................... 336
9.3. The conceptual framework for analysis by the SLIM
project on social learning ............................ 340
9.4. Comparing science and politics ........................ 345
9.5. Strategic adaptive management of water resources ...... 353
Tables
1.1. Key dates in the development of hydraulic
civilisations ......................................... 3
1.2. Salient elements of attitudes taken to freshwater by
major world religions ................................. 4
1.3. Unsustainable development: the disastrous case of
the Aral Sea ......................................... 15
1.4(a).The components of the widely cited 'world water
crisis' .............................................. 17
1.4(b).Major players and statements on the 'world water
crisis' .............................................. 18
2.1. A simplified presentation of the channel typology
of Montgomery and Buffington (1997) .................. 25
2.2(a).Identifying sediment sources: indicators of
stability and instability ............................ 38
2.2(b).Qualitative models of channel metamorphosis,
illustrating the direction of morphological
response to particular combinations of changing
discharge and sediment yield ......................... 39
2.3(a).Changes in catchment sediment flux derived from
land- use and land-management changes upstream ....... 40
2.3(b).Sediment loads for rivers before and during
the Anthropocene era ................................. 40
2.4. Factors influencing diffuse river pollution by
fine sediment ('silt') ............................... 47
3.1. Regional process controls in forest hydrology ........ 57
3.2. Storages and fluxes in the global hydrological
cycle ................................................ 59
3.3. Vegetation canopy properties having an influence
on the hydrological performance of vegetation
cover ................................................ 61
3.4. Changes in runoff from afforested catchments ......... 62
3.5. Approximations of the impermeability of various
surfaces ............................................. 68
3.6. Examples of sustainable urban drainage systems
(SUDS) ............................................... 69
3.7. Some advantages and disadvantages of the available
SUDS techniques ...................................... 69
3.8. An attempt to qualitatively assess the impact of
dams and catchment land use on physical habitats ..... 80
3.9. River regulation: magnitude of effects on flow
regime ............................................... 80
3.10(a)Some sources and causes of water quality
deterioration ........................................ 86
3.10(b)Point sources and the expected contamination of
groundwater .......................................... 86
3.11(a)Diffuse pollution from UK agriculture ................ 89
3.11(b)Effects of eutrophication on receiving ecosystems .... 89
4.1. River basin development: prioritising the issues
of water-based schemes ............................... 95
4.2. American water resources: planners, politicians
and constitutional interpretation .................... 97
4.3. Essential data for the Colorado basin ................ 99
4.4. Summary of Colorado River Compact components ........ 101
4.5. The 1993 Mississippi flood: flood damage
statistics .......................................... 110
4.6. Measured evapotranspiration rates reported for
phreatophytes and other riparian vegetation in
the southwestern United States ...................... 112
4.7. The Fraser Basin Sustainability Concept within the
vision .............................................. 123
4.8. Essential data for the Murray-Darling river basin ... 126
4.9. Impacts of River Murray management on hydrological
regime and implications for the costing of
environmental externalities ......................... 130
4.10. Best management practices relevant to dairy
farms in New Zealand ................................ 140
5.1. Important water management challenges in
megacities .......................................... 146
5.2(a).Components of water and sanitation problems in
developing countries ................................ 147
5.2(b).Aims and objectives for water supply and
sanitation programmes in developing countries ....... 148
5.3. Guidelines for river basin management during
rapid development ................................... 152
5.4. Irrigated area by region ............................ 154
5.5. The nine assertions of the Dahlem Desertification
Paradigm and some of their implications ............. 158
5.6. Essential data for the Nile river basin ............. 164
5.7. Water use in Egypt, historical and projected ........ 165
5.8. Losses in the Sudd .................................. 166
5.9. Impacts of floods and droughts on the Kenyan
economy ............................................. 174
5.10. Essential data for the Ganges river basin ........... 185
5.11. Water contexts: developed and developing
countries ........................................... 200
6.1. The elements of a successful soil conservation
programme ........................................... 210
6.2. Water consumption by key diet elements .............. 212
6.3. Pros and cons of 'virtual water' trade in food ...... 213
6.4. Relationship of water management in agriculture
to the Millennium Development Goals ................. 216
6.5. Key data for ten countries with the largest
irrigated area ...................................... 216
6.6(a).Reasons identified for poor performance of
large-scale irrigation schemes ...................... 218
6.6(b).Two paradigms of the concept of 'irrigation
potential' .......................................... 219
6.7. Comparison of major methods of irrigation ........... 222
6.8. The advantages of runoff agriculture ................ 224
6.9. Principles for the provision of water for
ecosystems: Australian national initiatives ......... 239
6.10. Human-induced river channel changes ................. 244
6.11. Geomorphological guidance for river restoration ..... 247
6.12. Functions, related effects of functions,
corresponding societal values, and relevant
indicators of functions for wetlands ................ 251
6.13. Twentieth-century changes in the Earth's
atmosphere, climate and biophysical system .......... 255
6.14. Climate trends, human influence and projections ..... 257
6.15. Regional impacts on hydrology and water resources ... 259
6.16. Potential climate change impacts on Water
Framework Directive objective of 'good ecological
status' ............................................. 262
7.1. Emerging critiques of integrated water resources
management as a manifestation of 'catchment
consciousness' ...................................... 272
7.2. Aims and objectives of the European Union's Water
Framework Directive ................................. 273
7.3. Essential functions for river basin management ...... 274
7.4. Privatisation of water services in the UK: some
'pros' and 'cons' ................................... 282
7.5. A selection of water resource policy (England and
Wales) documents by pressure groups and other
environmental agencies, 1990s ....................... 287
7.6(a).Action to protect against flooding in England
and Wales post-1945 ................................. 292
7.6(b).Flood risk management in England and Wales -
the new extended agenda and its institutional
implications ........................................ 293
7.7. Major headings within the IWRM toolbox developed
by the Global Water Partnership ..................... 298
7.8. The relative ranking of the Jordan basin
co-riparians according to the Helsinki and
International Law Commission rules .................. 301
7.9. Benefits of cooperation on international rivers ..... 302
7.10(a)Strategic planning in England and Wales relating
to water ............................................ 304
7.10(b)Bodies other than the Environment Agency with
important roles in the WFD ......................... 305
8.1. The sustainability triangle for water: defining
the axes ............................................ 309
8.2. The Risk Society - a simple guide for watershed
managers ............................................ 311
8.3. The 3 Ms of regulatory system science, both
command-and-control and incentive-based ............. 312
8.4. Risk, uncertainty and ignorance: principal
components of the dilemma in public policy and
management .......................................... 315
9.1. Benefits humans derive from (intact) freshwater
ecosystems .......................................... 335
9.2. Loss of spontaneous regulation functions in river
basins: the UK ...................................... 336
9.3(a).Dominant scales for IRBM ............................ 338
9.3(b).Common scales for watershed management issues ....... 338
9.4(a).Approaches to valuation of ecosystem goods and
services ............................................ 348
9.4(b).Economic valuation methods applicable to
ecosystem services .................................. 349
9.5. Changes in perception required by natural
resource management ................................. 351
9.6. Leadership style and organisational structure/
culture in conventional bureaucracies and adaptive
organisations ....................................... 353
Boxes
1.1. Leonardo's graphic impact on 'catchment
consciousness' .......................................... 7
1.2. Two millennia in the life of 'the common stream' ........ 9
1.3. Unsustainable development: the disastrous case of
the Aral Sea ........................................... 15
1.4. Components of, and actors in, the 'world water
crisis' ................................................ 17
2.1. A river ecosystem example: Pacific North-West rivers,
USA .................................................... 20
2.2. 'Natural' rivers and channel typologies ................ 33
3.1. 'Blue' water and 'green' water, a hinge to the
hydrological cycle with educational value for
sustainable water use .................................. 53
3.2. Hydrological impacts of afforestation and
deforestation on runoff volumes and evaporation
rates - global compilations ............................ 61
3.3. The role of forest canopy cover and its removal
(especially in the tropical zone) in modifying the
flood behaviour of catchments ......................... 63
3.4. Headwater runoff processes: dynamics in space and
time .................................................. 65
3.5. Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and the
deceleration/detention of storm runoff in cities
and individual development sites ...................... 69
4.1. Regulatory approaches to diffuse pollution in the
USA .................................................. 113
4.2. An international approach to sustainable water
management: the IJC .................................. 116
4.3. Catchment health: an Australian approach to
stakeholder 'catchment consciousness' ................ 132
5.1. Precautionary guidelines on development whilst
protecting and conserving ecosystem goods and
services ............................................. 151
5.2. Towards more meaningful definitions of 'drought'
which will empower those dealing with it to work
sustainably .......................................... 155
5.3. The National Water Act for South Africa (1998) ....... 180
6.1. The universal soil loss equation (USLE): Western
science for the world? ............................... 204
6.2. From antiquity to the microprocessor: irrigation
techniques ........................................... 220
6.3. Policy responses to drought and the 'hydro-
illogical cycle' ..................................... 226
6.4. Environmental flow assessment: guiding principles
and a world survey of practice ....................... 238
6.5. 'Model' river restoration projects in the UK:
the rivers Cole and Skerne ........................... 248
7.1. Water as a human right (in the contexts of supply
and sanitation) ...................................... 270
7.2. IWRM: the emerging critique (simultaneous with the
challenges of the EU Water Framework Directive) ...... 271
7.3. IWRM and emergent river basin institutions and
policy frameworks: the European Union and the
Water Act of South Africa ............................ 275
7.4. The impact of the EU Water Framework Directive on
river management in England and Wales ................ 285
7.5. The UK government's Sustainability Round Table -
specific recommendations on water .................... 295
7.6. The law(s) governing international watercourses: a
potted history ....................................... 300
8.1. Putting the detail on sustainable development
in the water sector: parameters and route maps ....... 308
8.2. Catchment research in the UK to identify the
impacts of commercial plantation forestry: a
brief summary ........................................ 317
8.3. Hydrological models: an alternative to catchment
research or means to extrapolate its findings? ....... 319
8.4. A short history of the controversial acceptance of
hydrological guidance on the impacts of commercial
upland plantation forestry in the UK ................. 324
9.1. The value and loss of spontaneous regulation in
developed river basins ............................... 335
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