Environmental engineering. Water, wastewater, soil, and groundwater treatment and remediation / ed. by Nemerow N.L. et al. - 6th ed. - Hoboken: Wiley, 2009. - xv, 384 p.: ill. - Incl. bibl. ref. - Ind.: p.371-384. - ISBN 978-0-470-08303-1  Место хранения:   048 | Байкальский институт природопользования CO РАН | Улан-Удэ

Оглавление / Contents

PREFACE ...................................................... xiii CONTRIBUTORS ................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 WATER SUPPLY .......................................... 1 T. David Chinn Introduction .................................................... 1 Groundwater Pollution Hazard .................................... 3 Travel of Pollution through the Ground .......................... 5 Disease Transmission ........................................ 10 Water Quantity and Quality ..................................... 10 Water Cycle and Geology ..................................... 10 Groundwater Flow ............................................ 13 Groundwater Classification .................................. 16 Water Quality ............................................... 17 Sampling and Quality of Laboratory Data ..................... 26 Sanitary Survey and Water Sampling .......................... 30 Sampling Frequency .......................................... 33 Water Analyses .............................................. 36 Heterotrophic Plate Count—The Standard Plate Count .......... 37 Bacterial Examinations ...................................... 38 Biological Monitoring ....................................... 42 Virus Examination ........................................... 42 Protozoa and Helminths Examination .......................... 43 Specific Pathogenic Organisms ............................... 43 Physical Examinations ....................................... 44 Microscopic Examination ..................................... 46 Chemical Examinations ....................................... 48 Drinking Water Additives .................................... 68 Water Quantity .............................................. 69 Water Conservation .......................................... 70 Water Reuse ................................................. 75 Source and Protection of Water Supply .......................... 77 General ..................................................... 77 Groundwater ................................................. 88 Dug Well .................................................... 88 Bored Well .................................................. 89 Driven and Jetted Well ...................................... 90 Drilled Well ................................................ 91 Well Development ............................................ 93 Grouting .................................................... 96 Well Contamination—Cause and Removal ........................ 99 Spring ..................................................... 101 Infiltration Gallery ....................................... 101 Cistern .................................................... 103 Domestic Well-Water Supplies-Special Problems .............. 105 Household Treatment Units (Point-of-Use and Point-of- Entry) .................................................. 108 Desalination ............................................... 111 References .................................................... 118 Bibliography .................................................. 126 CHAPTER 2 WATER TREATMENT ..................................... 133 T. David Chinn Treatment of Water—Design and Operation Control ............... 133 Introduction ............................................... 133 Surface Water .............................................. 134 Treatment Required ......................................... 135 Disinfection ............................................... 136 Gas Chlorinator ............................................ 137 Testing for Residual Chlorine .............................. 138 Chlorine Treatment for Operation and Microbiological Control ................................................. 139 Distribution System Contamination .......................... 145 Plain Sedimentation ........................................ 146 Microstraining ............................................. 146 Coagulation, Flocculation, and Settling .................... 147 Filtration ................................................. 149 Slow Sand Filter ........................................... 149 Rapid Sand (Granular Media) Filter ......................... 151 Direct Filtration .......................................... 157 Pressure Sand Filter ....................................... 160 Diatomaceous Earth Filter .................................. 160 Package Water Treatment Plant .............................. 161 Water Treatment Plant Wastewater and Sludge ................ 162 Causes of Tastes and Odors ................................. 162 Control of Microorganisms .................................. 163 Zebra Mussel and Its Control ............................... 169 Aquatic Weed Control ....................................... 169 Other Causes of Tastes and Odors ........................... 170 Methods to Remove or Reduce Objectionable Tastes and Odors ................................................... 172 Iron and Manganese Occurrence and Removal .................. 182 Corrosion Cause and Control ................................ 187 Removal of Inorganic Chemicals ............................. 197 Prevention and Removal of Organic Chemicals ................ 201 Water System Design Principles ................................ 205 Water Quantity ............................................. 205 Design Period .............................................. 206 Watershed Runoff and Reservoir Design ...................... 206 Intakes and Screens ........................................ 208 Pumping .................................................... 209 Distribution Storage Requirements .......................... 210 Peak Demand Estimates ...................................... 213 Distribution System Design Standards ....................... 217 Small Distribution Systems ................................. 220 Fire Protection ............................................ 220 Cross-Connection Control ................................... 222 Hydropneumatic Systems ..................................... 226 Pumps ...................................................... 231 Displacement Pump .......................................... 231 Centrifugal Pump, Also Submersible and Turbine ............. 233 Jet Pump ................................................... 235 Air-Lift Pump .............................................. 235 Hydraulic Ram .............................................. 236 Pump and Well Protection ................................... 237 Pump Power and Drive ....................................... 237 Automatic Pump Control ..................................... 239 Water Hammer ............................................... 239 Rural Water Conditions in the United States ................ 240 Design of a Household Water System ......................... 242 Examples ...................................................... 242 Design of Small Water Systems .............................. 242 Design of a Camp Water System .............................. 255 Water System Cost Estimates ................................ 255 Cleaning and Disinfection ..................................... 257 Wells and Springs .......................................... 258 Pipelines .................................................. 260 Storage Reservoirs and Tanks ............................... 261 Emergency Water Supply and Treatment .......................... 262 Boiling .................................................... 263 Chlorination ............................................... 263 Iodine ..................................................... 266 Filtration in an Emergency ................................. 267 Bottled, Packaged, and Bulk Water .......................... 267 References .................................................... 269 Bibliography .................................................. 278 CHAPTER 3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ................... 283 John R. Kiefer Disease Hazard ......................................... 283 Criteria for Proper Wastewater Disposal .................... 285 Definitions ................................................ 285 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems ............................. 288 Wastewater Characteristics ................................. 289 Soil Characteristics ....................................... 289 Soil Suitability ........................................... 290 Pollutant Travel from Septic Systems ....................... 291 Soil Percolation Test ...................................... 291 Sewage Flow Estimates ...................................... 293 Septic Tank ................................................ 295 Care of Septic Tank and Subsurface Absorption Systems ...... 299 Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems ......................... 301 Absorption Field System .................................... 301 Leaching Pit ............................................... 305 Cesspool ................................................... 305 Dry Well ................................................... 306 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems for Unsuitable Soils or Sites ............................................. 308 General .................................................... 308 Modified Septic Tank Soil Absorption System ................ 308 Example .................................................... 309 Capillary Seepage Trench ................................... 309 Raised Bed Absorption-Evapotranspiration System ............ 310 Septic Tank Sand Filter System ............................. 312 Aerobic Sewage Treatment Unit .............................. 315 Septic Tank Mound System ................................... 315 Example 1 .................................................. 317 Electric Osmosis System .................................... 318 Septic Tank Evapotranspiration System ...................... 318 Example 2 .................................................. 320 Water Conservation ......................................... 321 Sewage Works Design—Small Treatment Plants .................... 322 Disinfection ............................................... 322 Physical-Chemical Treatment ................................ 326 Sedimentation .............................................. 326 Coagulation/Flocculation ................................... 326 Filtration ................................................. 327 Activated Carbon Adsorption ................................ 328 Biological Treatment ....................................... 328 Wastewater Reuse ........................................... 334 Wastewater Aerosol Hazard .................................. 335 Wastewater Disposal by Land Treatment ...................... 336 Advanced Wastewater Treatment .............................. 341 Typical Designs for Small Treatment Plants .................... 344 Standard-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank ...... 344 High-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank .......... 346 Intermittent Sand Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank or Septic Tank ............................................. 347 Design of Large Treatment Plants .............................. 347 Biosolids Treatment and Disposal ........................... 352 Cost of Sewage Treatment ................................... 357 Industrial Wastes ............................................. 360 Hazardous and Toxic Liquid Wastes .......................... 360 Pretreatment ............................................... 362 References .................................................... 363 Bibliography .................................................. 367 INDEX ......................................................... 371