Foreword ........................................................ V
Preface ....................................................... VII
Contributors ................................................. XVII
1. Bioremediation of Organic and Metal Co-contaminated
Environments: Effects of Metal Toxicity, Speciation, and
Bioavailability on Biodegradation ............................ 1
Todd R. Sandrin and Douglas R. Hoffman
1. Introduction .............................................. 1
2. Metal Toxicity to Microorganisms .......................... 2
3. Metal Speciation and Bioavailability ...................... 4
4. Metal Inhibition of Biodegradation ....................... 19
5. Strategies to Enhance Biodegradation in Co-contaminated
Environments ............................................. 25
6. Conclusions and Future Directions ........................ 28
2. New Bioremediation Technologies to Remove Heavy Metals
and Radionuclides using Fe(III)-, Sulfate- and Sulfur-
Reducing .................................................... 35
Bacteria Mireille Bruschi and Florence Goulhen
1. Introduction ............................................. 35
2. Microbial Reduction of Metals by Fe(III)-reducing
Bacteria ................................................. 36
3. Microbial Interaction with Toxic Metals by Sulfate-
reducing Bacteria ........................................ 40
4. Development of Biosensors ................................ 45
5. Development of В ioreactors .............................. 46
6. Conclusion ............................................... 48
3. Bioremediation of Soils Polluted with Hexavalent
Chromium using Bacteria: A Challenge ........................ 57
Carlo Viti and Luciana Giovannetti
1. Introduction ............................................. 57
2. Chromium Toxicity ........................................ 59
3. Chemical Transformations of Chromium in Soil: Mobility
and Bio-availability ..................................... 61
4. Interaction Between Chromium and Bacteria ................ 62
5. Soil Bioremediation Strategies ........................... 67
6. Conclusion ............................................... 70
4. Accumulation and Detoxification of Metals by Plants and
Microbes .................................................... 77
Rutchadaporn Sriprang and Yoshikatsu Murooka
1. Introduction ............................................. 77
2. Phytoremediation ......................................... 78
3. Microbial Remediation of Metal-polluted Soils ............ 88
4. Heavy Metal Bioremediation using "Symbiotic
Engineering" ............................................. 91
5. Conclusion ............................................... 94
5. Role of Phytochelatins in Phytoremediation of Heavy
Metals ..................................................... 101
Erwin Grill, Seema Mishra, Sudhakar Srivastava and
R.D. Tripathi
1. Introduction ............................................ 101
2. Phytochelatin ........................................... 103
3. Biosynthesis of Phytochelatins .......................... 113
4. Mechanism of Action of Phytochelatins ................... 121
5. Characterization and Regulation of Phytochelatin
Synthase Gene ........................................... 124
6. Evolutionary Aspects of Phytochelatin Synthase .......... 126
7. Genetic Engineering for Enhancing Phytoremediation
Potential ............................................... 130
8. Phytochelatin as a Biosensor ............................ 135
9. Conclusion .............................................. 135
6. Metal Resistance in Plants with Particular Reference
to Aluminium ............................................... 147
B.P. Shaw, V.K. Jha and B.B. Sahu
1. Introduction ............................................ 147
2. Phytotoxicity of Al and Agricultural Losses ............. 152
3. Aluminum Tolerant Crop Plants ........................... 153
4. Conclusion .............................................. 166
7. Bioremediation of Metals: Microbial Processes and
Techniques ................................................. 101
K. Ramasamy, Kamaludeen and Sara Parwin Banu
1. Introduction ............................................ 173
2. Metals and Microbes ..................................... 173
3. Microbial Processes Affecting Bioremediation of
Metals .................................................. 177
4. Bioremediation Options for Metal Contaminated Sites ..... 179
5. Bioremediation of Chromium Contaminated Soils ........... 181
6. Future Thrust - Do We Really Need to Do More? ........... 184
7. Conclusion .............................................. 185
8. Phytoremediation of Metals and Radionuclides ............... 189
Susan Eapen, Shraddha Singh and S.F. D'Souza
1. Introduction ............................................ 189
2. Metals in Soils ......................................... 190
3. Radionuclides ........................................... 192
4. Phytoextraction ......................................... 195
5. Rhizofiltration ......................................... 197
6. Phytostabilization ...................................... 198
7. Phytovolatilization ..................................... 199
8. Design of Phytoremediation System ....................... 199
9. Challenges for Phytoremediation ......................... 201
10.Companies Developing Phytoremediation ................... 203
11.Regulatory Acceptance and Public Acceptance ............. 204
12.Conclusion .............................................. 204
9. Nanotechnology for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals .......... 211
P. Rajendran and P. Gunasekaran
1. Introduction ............................................ 211
2. Nanotechnology - A New Scientific Frontier .............. 211
3. Unique Properties of Nanoparticles ...................... 212
4. Synthesis of Nanophase Materials ........................ 212
5. Instrumentation for Nanotechnology ...................... 213
6. Application and Current Status of Nanotechnology ........ 214
7. Metal Pollution and its Impact .......................... 214
8. Current Strategies for Metal Remediation ................ 215
9. Bioremediation through Nanotechnology ................... 215
10.Case Studies ............................................ 217
11.Magnetotactic Bacteria .................................. 218
12.Comparison of Current Strategies with Nanotechnology .... 218
13.Future Prospects ........................................ 219
14.Conclusion .............................................. 219
10.Biotechnological Approaches to Improve Phytoremediation
Efficiency for Environment Contaminants .................... 223
Rana P. Singh, Geeta Dhania, Asha Sharma and Pawan
K. Jaiwal
1. Introduction ............................................ 223
2. Phytoremediation: The Processes, Potentials and
Limitations ............................................. 226
3. Commercial Viability of Phytoremediation Projects ....... 233
4. Rhizosphere Manipulations for Enhanced
Bioavailability of the Toxic Substances ................. 234
5. Molecular Mechanisms of Uptake, Detoxification,
Transport and Accumulation of Toxic Substances by
Plants and Genetic Engineering for Enhanced
Phytoremediation ........................................ 238
6. Conclusion .............................................. 249
11.Aquatic Plants for Phytotechnology ......................... 259
M.N.V. Prasad
1. Introduction ............................................ 259
2. Phytotechnologies ....................................... 259
3. Conclusion .............................................. 273
12.Phytomonitoring of Air Pollutants for Environmental
Quality Management ......................................... 275
Jeetendra K. Upadhyay and Nobuyuki Kobayashi
1. Introduction ............................................ 275
2. Plants as Bioindicators of Air Pollutants ............... 279
3. Phytoremediation and Urban Air Quality Management ....... 283
4. Phytoremediation and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) ........... 285
5. Conclusion .............................................. 287
13.Phytoremediation of Air Pollutants: A Review ............... 293
S.N. Singh and Amitosh Verma
1. Introduction ............................................ 293
2. Phytotoxicity of Air Pollutants ......................... 295
3. Absorption and Assimilation of Pollutants ............... 297
4. Phytofiltration of Particulate Matter ................... 299
5. Plant Tolerance to Ambient Pollutants ................... 301
6. Factors Controlling Plant Tolerance ..................... 302
7. A Case Study ............................................ 304
8. Conclusion .............................................. 309
14.Phytoremediation: Role of Plants in Contaminated Site
Management ................................................. 315
Rajiv K. Sinha, Sunil Herat and P.K. Tandon
1. Introduction ............................................ 315
2. Plant Species Involved in Phytoremediation .............. 316
3. Phytoremediation: The Biophysical and Biochemical
Mechanisms .............................................. 317
4. The Vetiver Grass Technology (VGT) ...................... 320
5. Role of VGT in Environmental Management ................. 323
6. Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Mining
Overburdens ............................................. 324
7. Rehabilitation of Waste Landfills: Leachate Retention
and Purification ........................................ 326
8. Removal of Nutrients and Heavy Metals and Prevention
of Eutrophication in Streams and Lakes by VGT ........... 327
9. Wastewater / Storm water Treatment by VGT in
Constructed Wetlands .................................... 328
10.Conclusion .............................................. 329
15.The Role of Macrophytes in Nutrient Removal using
Constructed Wetlands ....................................... 331
Margaret Greenway
1. Introduction ............................................ 331
2. Role of Macrophytes in Nutrient Removal ................. 339
3. Conclusion .............................................. 348
16.Nitrate Pollution and its Remediation ...................... 353
U.N. Dwivedi, Seema Mishra, Poorinima Singh and
R.D. Tripathi
1. Introduction ............................................ 353
2. Methods for Estimation of Nitrate Pollution ............. 354
3. Sources of Nitrate Pollution ............................ 356
4. Landscape Physiology Affecting Nitrate Flux ............. 361
5. Role of Nitrifying and Denitrifying Microbes in
Nitrate Pollution ....................................... 362
6. Nitrate Assimilation by Plants .......................... 364
7. Biological Toxicity Due to Nitrate Pollution ............ 368
8. Problem Areas for Nitrate Pollution ..................... 369
9. Management Options for Nitrate .......................... 372
10.Conclusion .............................................. 378
17.Bioremediation of Petroleum Sludge using Bacterial ......... 391
Consortium with Biosurfactant
K.S.M. Rahman, T.J. Rahman, I.M. Banat, R. Lord and
G. Street
1. Introduction ............................................ 391
2. Methods ................................................. 392
3. Results and Discussion .................................. 395
4. Conclusion .............................................. 407
18.Diversity, Biodegradation and Bioremediation of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ........................... 409
Sumeet Labana, Manisha Kapur, Deepak K. Malik, Dhan
Prakash and R.K. Jain
1. Introduction ............................................ 409
2. Natural Sources of PAHs in the Environment .............. 410
3. Anthropogenic Sources of PAHs in the Environment ........ 411
4. Biodegradation of PAHs .................................. 411
5. Bioremediation Studies .................................. 421
6. Diversity of PAHs Degrading Bacteria .................... 424
7. Diversity of PAHs Metabolic Genes ....................... 426
8. Conclusion .............................................. 431
19.Environmental Applications of Fungal and Plant Systems:
Decolourisation of Textile Wastewater and Related
Dyestuffs .................................................. 445
Albino A. Dias, Ana Sampaio and Rui M. Bezerra
1. Introduction ............................................ 445
2. Environmental Fate of Textile Dyeing and Treatment
Difficulties ............................................ 446
3. Overview of Biological Treatments ....................... 448
4. Extracellular Oxidoreductases Useful in Pollution
Abatement ............................................... 449
5. Textile Dyes Decolourisation by Fungi and their
Enzymes ................................................. 455
6. New Tendencies in Textile Wastewater Treatments ......... 455
7. Conclusion .............................................. 457
20.Fungal-Based Remediation: Treatment of PCP contaminated
Soil in New Zealand ........................................ 465
J.M. Thwaites, R.L. Farrell, S.D. Duncan, R.T. Lamar
and R.B. White
1. Introduction ............................................ 465
2. Fungal-based Remediation ................................ 465
3. Conclusion .............................................. 475
21.Biofilms in Porous Media: Mathematical Modeling and
Numerical Simulation ....................................... 481
Benito M. Chen-Charpentier and Hristo V. Kojouharov
1. Introduction ............................................ 481
2. The Physical System ..................................... 482
3. The Mathematical Model .................................. 484
4. Numerical Solution Techniques ........................... 488
5. Simulations ............................................. 497
6. Conclusion .............................................. 508
Index ......................................................... 513
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