Preface ........................................................ xi
1. Introduction ................................................. 1
2. Historical Review ............................................ 5
2.1. Definition of Optical Engineering ....................... 5
2.2. Ancient History ......................................... 5
2.3. Medieval Optics ......................................... 6
2.4. From 1600 to the 1900s .................................. 8
2.5. Speed of Light ......................................... 11
2.6. Modern Optical Engineering ............................. 13
2.7. Case History: Optics in the United States .............. 16
2.8. The Hubble Space Telescope ............................. 19
2.9. Review and Summary ..................................... 20
3. Basic Concepts of Light ..................................... 21
3.1. Light: an Elusive Topic ................................ 21
3.2. Understanding Light .................................... 21
3.3. Velocity, Wavelength, and Frequency .................... 24
3.4. Wavefronts and Light Rays .............................. 27
3.5. Light Sources .......................................... 28
3.6. Behavior of Light Rays ................................. 30
3.7. Refraction ............................................. 35
3.8. Refraction by a Lens ................................... 37
3.9. Dispersion and Color ................................... 39
3.10.Diffraction of Light ................................... 40
3.11.Review and Summary ..................................... 41
4. Thin-Lens Theory ............................................ 47
4.1. Definition of a Thin Lens .............................. 47
4.2. Properties of a Thin Lens .............................. 47
4.3. Aperture Stop, Entrance and Exit Pupils, and Field
Stop ................................................... 49
4.4. Reference Coordinate System ............................ 51
4.5. Thin-Lens Power ........................................ 52
4.6. Ray Trace of a Thin Lens (Object at Infinity) .......... 54
4.7. Ray Trace of a Thin Lens (Finite Object Distance) ...... 57
4.8. Rounding Off ........................................... 60
4.9. Thin-Lens Formulas ..................................... 61
4.10.Applications of Thin-Lens Theory ....................... 64
4.11.Mock-up of the Thin-Lens System ........................ 70
4.12.Review and Summary ..................................... 74
5. Optical Design Basics ....................................... 77
5.1. Introduction ........................................... 77
5.2. Historical Perspective ................................. 77
5.3. OSLO Optical Design Software Package ................... 80
5.4. Introduction to Computer Design Using OSLO ............. 81
5.5. Laser Transmitting System .............................. 84
5.6. Instrument Design and Analysis ......................... 89
5.7. Magnification Analysis ................................. 93
5.8. Design of a Noncatalog System .......................... 96
5.9. Review and Summary .................................... 100
6. Primary Lens Aberrations ................................... 103
6.1. Introduction .......................................... 103
6.2. Spot Diagram, Radial Energy Distribution, and
Modulation Transfer Function........................... 103
6.3. Spherical Aberration .................................. 105
6.4. Coma .................................................. 107
6.5. Field Curvature ....................................... 108
6.6. Astigmatism ........................................... 110
6.7. Distortion ............................................ 112
6.8. Axial Color ........................................... 113
6.9. Lateral Color ......................................... 117
6.10.Aberration Curves ..................................... 117
6.11.Point-Spread Function Analysis ........................ 119
6.12.Review and Summary .................................... 120
7. Optical Components ......................................... 123
7.1. Introduction .......................................... 123
7.2. Lens .................................................. 123
7.2.1. Typical lens application ....................... 124
7.2.2. Detail lens drawing ............................ 128
7.3. Mirror ................................................ 130
7.3.1. Common reflecting coatings ..................... 135
7.3.2. Other mirror configurations .................... 136
7.4. Prisms ................................................ 139
7.4.1. Total internal reflection ...................... 142
7.4.2. Typical prism application ...................... 143
7.5. Review and Summary .................................... 144
8. Basic Optical Instruments .................................. 147
8.1. Introduction .......................................... 147
8.2. Magnifier, or Loupe ................................... 147
8.3. Eyepiece .............................................. 152
8.4. Microscope ............................................ 155
8.5. Telescope ............................................. 158
8.6. Binoculars ............................................ 163
8.7. Riflescope ............................................ 164
8.8. Surveying and Optical Tooling Instruments ............. 166
8.9. Periscope, Borescope, and Endoscope ................... 169
8.10.Review and Summary .................................... 172
9. Optical Materials and Coatings ............................. 173
9.1. Introduction .......................................... 173
9.2. Optical Glass ......................................... 173
9.3. Low-Expansion Materials ............................... 178
9.4. Surface Losses and Antireflection Coatings ............ 179
9.5. Materials for Infrared Systems ........................ 181
9.5.1. Germanium ...................................... 182
9.5.2. Silicon ........................................ 183
9.5.3. Zinc sulfide ................................... 183
9.5.4. Zincselenide ................................... 183
9.6. Optical Plastics ...................................... 185
9.7. Review and Summary .................................... 186
10.Visual Optical System ...................................... 189
10.1.Introduction .......................................... 189
10.2.Structure of the Eye .................................. 189
10.3.Resolution of the Eye ................................. 192
10.4.Visual Instrument Design Considerations ............... 193
10.5.Visual Instrument Focus ............................... 197
10.6.Visual Instrument Detailed Lens Design ................ 199
10.7.Review and Summary .................................... 203
11.Lens Design and Image Evaluation ........................... 205
11.1.Introduction .......................................... 205
11.2.Lens Design Process ................................... 205
11.3.10x Telescope Design .................................. 206
11.3.1.Defining the problem ........................... 206
11.3.2.Selecting a starting point ..................... 206
11.3.3.Modifying the starting point ................... 207
11.3.4.Optimizing the modified starting design ........ 207
11.3.5.Evaluating performance ......................... 208
11.3.6.Documenting the final design ................... 209
11.4.Precision Collimator Lens Design ...................... 209
11.4.1.Defining the problem ........................... 209
11.4.2.Selecting a starting point ..................... 212
11.4.3.Modifying the starting point ................... 213
11.4.4.Optimizing the modified starting design ........ 214
11.4.5.Evaluating performance ......................... 215
11.4.6.Documenting the final design ................... 217
11.5 Precision Imager Lens Design .......................... 220
11.5.1.Defining the problem ........................... 220
11.5.2.Selecting a starting point ..................... 220
11.5.3.Modifying the starting point ................... 221
11.5.4.Optimizing the modified starting design ........ 222
11.5.5.Evaluating the design .......................... 222
11.5.6.Documenting the final design ................... 225
11.6.Unusual Lens Design Task .............................. 226
11.7.Review and Summary .................................... 230
12.Optics in Our World ........................................ 231
12.1.Introduction .......................................... 231
12.2.Optical Illusions: Size ............................... 231
12.3.Other Optical Illusions ............................... 234
12.4.Seeing the Third Dimension ............................ 235
12.5.Optics and the Compact Disk ........................... 236
12.6.Optics and the Projection TV .......................... 237
12.7.Optics and Photography ................................ 239
12.8.Optics of the Rainbow ................................. 242
12.9.Review and Summary .................................... 242
Appendix A. Basic Optical Engineering Library ................. 245
Appendix B. Optical Design Software Sources ................... 249
Appendix C. Optical Glass Sources ............................. 251
Appendix D. Conversion Factors and Constants .................. 253
Appendix E. Measures and Equivalents .......................... 255
Appendix F. Basic Photometric Considerations .................. 259
Appendix G. Surface Sag and Conic Sections .................... 265
Index ......................................................... 269
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