Contributors ................................................. xiii
Scientific Committee ......................................... xvii
Methods in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography: Introduction ......... 1
Claude Hillaire-Marcel and Anne de Vernal
1. Tracers and Proxies in Deep-Sea Records ...................... 2
2. Overview of Volume Content ................................... 3
3. The Need for Multi-tracers and Multi-Proxy Approaches in
Paleoceanography ............................................. 7
4. From the Geological Record to the Sedimentary Signal and
the Properties of the Water Column .......................... 10
5. How Far Back in Time are the Proxies Effective? ............. 11
6. New Perspectives and Emerging Proxies ....................... 13
Acknowledgments ............................................. 14
References .................................................. 14
Part 1: Deep-Sea Sediment Properties
1. Deep-Sea Sediment Deposits and Properties Controlled
by Currents ................................................. 19
Ian Nicholas McCave
1. Introduction ............................................. 19
2. Sediment Transport and Deposition by Deep-Sea Currents ... 30
3. Sediment Deposition: Quaternary Records of Flow in
Large-Scale Features ..................................... 38
4. Current Problems and Prospects ........................... 45
References ............................................... 54
2. Continuous Physical Properties of Cored Marine Sediments .... 63
Guillaume St-Onge, Thierry Mulder, Pierre Francus and
Bernard Long
1. Introduction ............................................. 63
2. Continuous Centimeter-Scale Measurements of Physical
Properties ............................................... 64
3. Continuous Millimeter- to Micrometer-Scale
Measurements of Physical Properties ...................... 68
4. Recent Applications of Continuous Centimeter- to
Millimeter-Scale Physical Properties of Marine
Sediments ................................................ 81
5. Conclusion ............................................... 91
Acknowledgments .......................................... 92
References ............................................... 92
3. Magnetic Stratigraphy in Paleoceanography: Reversals,
Excursions, Paleointensity, and Secular Variation ........... 99
Joseph S. Stoner and Guillaume St-Onge
1. Introduction ............................................ 100
2. Background .............................................. 101
3. Soft Sediment Paleomagnetic Methods ..................... 103
4. Magnetometers ........................................... 107
5. Measurements and Magnetizations ......................... 109
6. Data Analysis ........................................... 114
7. Sediment Magnetism ...................................... 117
8. Development of Paleomagnetic Records .................... 118
9. The Paleomagnetic Record as a Stratigraphic Tool ........ 121
10.Some Perspectives ....................................... 128
References .............................................. 130
4. Clay Minerals, Deep Circulation and Climate ................ 139
Nathalie Fagel
1. Introduction ............................................ 139
2. Methodology: The Clay Toolbox in Marine Sediments ....... 142
3. Applications: Clays as a Proxy for Paleocirculation ..... 171
4. Some Perspectives ....................................... 176
Acknowledgements ........................................ 176
References .............................................. 176
5. Radiocarbon Dating of Deep-Sea Sediments ................... 185
Konrad A. Hughen
1. Introduction ............................................ 185
2. Dating Marine Sediments ................................. 187
3. Applications of Marine 14C .............................. 201
Appendix I — Internet Resources ......................... 204
References .............................................. 206
Part 2: Biological Tracers and Biomarkers
6. Planktonic Foraminifera as Tracers of Past Oceanic
Environments ............................................... 213
Michal Kucera
1. Introduction ............................................ 213
2. Biology and Ecology of Planktonic Foraminifera .......... 215
3. Planktonic Foraminiferal Proxies ........................ 225
4. Modifications After Death ............................... 245
5. Perspectives ............................................ 253
WWW Resources ........................................... 253
References .............................................. 254
7. Paleoceanographical Proxies Based on Deep-Sea Benthic
Foraminiferal Assemblage Characteristics ................... 263
Frans J. Jorissen, Christophe Fontanier and Ellen
Thomas
1. Introduction ............................................ 263
2. Benthic Foraminiferal Proxies: A State of the Art ....... 271
3. Conclusions ............................................. 306
Acknowledgements ........................................ 308
4. Appendix 1 .............................................. 308
References .............................................. 313
8. Diatoms: From Micropaleontology to Isotope Geochemistry .... 327
Xavier Crosta and Nalan Кос
1. Introduction ............................................ 327
2. Improvements in Methodologies and Interpretations ....... 332
3. Case Studies ............................................ 350
4. Conclusion .............................................. 356
Acknowledgments ......................................... 358
References .............................................. 358
9. Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cysts: Tracers of Sea-
Surface Conditions ......................................... 371
Anne de Vernal and Fabienne Marret
1. Introduction ............................................ 371
2. Ecology of Dinoflagellates .............................. 376
3. Dinoflagellates vs. Dinocysts and Taphonomical
Processes (From the Biocenoses to Thanathocenoses) ...... 377
4. Relationships between Dinocyst Assemblages and Sea-
Surface Parameters ...................................... 382
5. The Development of Quantitative Approaches for the
Reconstruction of Hydrographic Parameters Based on
Dinocysts ............................................... 395
6. The Use of Dinocysts in Paleoceanography ................ 397
7. Concluding Remarks ...................................... 398
References .............................................. 400
10.Coccolithophores: From Extant Populations to Fossil
Assemblages ................................................ 409
Jacques Giraudeau and Beaufort Luc
1. Introduction ............................................ 409
2. Taxonomy ................................................ 411
3. Biogeography, Sedimentation, and Biogeochemical
Significance ............................................ 413
4. Current State of Methods ................................ 414
5. Examples of Applications ................................ 428
Acknowledgments ......................................... 432
References .............................................. 433
11.Biomarkers as Paleoceanographic Proxies .................... 441
Antoni Rosell-Mele and Erin L. McClymont
1. Preliminary Considerations .............................. 441
2. Methodological Approaches ............................... 443
3. Applications ............................................ 466
4. Concluding Remarks ...................................... 474
Acknowledgments ......................................... 476
References .............................................. 476
12.Deep-Sea Corals: New Insights to Paleoceanography .......... 491
Owen A. Sherwood and Michael J. Risk
1. Introduction ............................................ 491
2. Methods and Interpretations ............................. 495
3. Landmark Studies ........................................ 514
References .............................................. 516
13. Transfer Functions: Methods for Quantitative
Paleoceanography Based on Microfossils .................... 523
Joel Guiot and Anne de Vernal
1. Introduction ............................................ 523
2. Methods Based on Calibration ............................ 527
3. Methods Based on Similarity ............................. 533
4. Comparison of Methods with a Worked Example ............. 537
5. Discussion and Future Developments ...................... 545
6. The applications of Transfer Functions Sensu Lato in
Paleoceanography ........................................ 550
7. Concluding Remarks ...................................... 556
References .............................................. 557
Part 3: Geochemical Tracers
14.Elemental Proxies for Palaeoclimatic and
Palaeoceanographic Variability in Marine Sediments:
Interpretation and Application ............................. 567
Stephen E. Calvert and Thomas F. Pedersen
1. Introduction ............................................ 568
2. Sedimentary Components of Marine Sediments .............. 569
3. Normalization of Elemental Data ......................... 569
4. Palaeoclimatic Records from the Sea Floor ............... 571
5. Metalliferous Sedimentation in the Ocean ................ 581
6. Elemental Proxies for Palaeoproductivity ................ 585
7. Proxies for Redox Conditions at the Sea Floor and
in Bottom Sediments ..................................... 599
8. Future Developments ..................................... 621
9. Afterword ............................................... 625
Acknowledgements ........................................ 625
References .............................................. 625
15.Isotopic Tracers of Water Masses and Deep Currents ......... 645
Christelle Claude and Bruno Hamelin
1. Introduction ............................................ 645
2. Present State of Methodological Approaches and
Interpretations ......................................... 648
3. Examples of Applications ................................ 664
4. Conclusion and Perspectives ............................. 670
References .............................................. 671
16.Paleoflux and Paleocirculation from Sediment 230Th and
231Pa/230Th ................................................. 68l
Roger Francois
1. Introduction ............................................ 681
2. Factors Controlling the Distribution of 230Th and
231Pa in the Ocean ....................................... 684
3. Paleoceanographic Applications .......................... 698
4. Conclusions ............................................. 712
References .............................................. 712
17.Boron Isotopes in Marine Carbonate Sediments and the pH
of the Ocean ............................................... 717
Nicholas Gary Hemming and Barbel Honisch
1. Introduction ............................................ 717
2. Empirical Observations and Theoretical Background ....... 718
3. Caveats and Complications ............................... 721
4. Applications of the Boron Isotope Paleo-pH Proxy ........ 726
5. Summary and Conclusion .................................. 730
Acknowledgments ......................................... 731
References .............................................. 731
18.The Use of Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes of Foraminifera in
Paleoceanography ........................................... 735
Ana Christina Ravelo and Claude Hillaire-Marcel
1. Introduction ............................................ 735
2. Notation and Standards .................................. 736
3. Stratigraphic and Paleoecological Use of Foraminifera ... 738
4. Foraminiferal Oxygen Isotopes as Environmental
Proxies ................................................. 740
5. Foraminiferal Carbon Isotopes as Environmental
Proxies ................................................. 751
6. Conclusion and Summary .................................. 759
References .............................................. 760
19.Elemental Proxies for Reconstructing Cenozoic
Seawater Paleotemperatures from Calcareous Fossils ......... 765
Yair Rosenthal
1. Introduction ............................................ 765
2. Thermodynamic Effects on Mg Co-Precipitation
in Calcites ............................................. 766
3. Foraminiferal Mg/Ca Paleothermometry .................... 767
4. Ostracode Mg/Ca Paleothermometry ........................ 777
5. Coralline Sr/Ca Paleothermometry ........................ 780
6. Contributions to Cenozoic Climate History ............... 784
References .............................................. 790
20.Reconstructing and Modeling Past Oceans .................... 799
Katrin J. Meissner
1. A Brief Historical Overview ............................. 800
2. Classification of Climate Models ........................ 801
3. Models and Proxy Data ................................... 804
4. International Programs .................................. 807
5. Conclusion .............................................. 808
References .............................................. 809
Index of Taxa ................................................. 813
Subject Index ................................................. 817
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