Paschotta R. Field guide to lasers. - Bellingham: SPIE, 2008. - xii, 139 p.: col. ill. - (SPIE field guides; FG12). - ISBN 978-0-8194-6961-8  Место хранения:   084 | Конструкторско-технологический институт научного приборостроения CO РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Glossary of Symbols ............................................ xi Basic Principles of Lasers ...................................... 1 Principle of a Laser ......................................... 1 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission .......................... 2 Optical Pumping: Three- and Four-Level Systems ............... 3 Cross Sections and Level Lifetimes ........................... 4 Transition Bandwidths ........................................ 5 Calculating Laser Gain ....................................... 6 Gain Saturation .............................................. 7 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Saturation ..................... 9 Spatial Hole Burning ........................................ 10 Threshold and Slope Efficiency .............................. 11 Power Efficiency ............................................ 13 Amplified Spontaneous Emission .............................. 14 Characteristics of Laser Light .............................. 15 Laser Beams .................................................... 16 Temporal Coherence of Laser Radiation ....................... 16 Spatial Coherence ........................................... 17 Gaussian Beams .............................................. 18 Laser Beam Quality .......................................... 20 Brightness or Radiance of Laser Beams ....................... 21 Optical Resonators ............................................. 22 Basic Structure of an Optical Resonator ..................... 22 Resonator Modes ............................................. 23 Resonance Frequencies ....................................... 24 Bandwidth and Finesse of a Resonator ........................ 25 Stability Zones of a Resonator .............................. 26 Unstable Resonators ......................................... 27 Resonator Design ............................................ 28 Waveguides ..................................................... 29 Principle of Waveguiding .................................... 29 Waveguide Modes ............................................. 30 Optical Fibers .............................................. 31 Planar and Channel Waveguides ............................... 32 Semiconductor Lasers ........................................... 33 Semiconductor Lasers ........................................ 33 Light Amplification in Semiconductors ....................... 34 Low-Power Edge-Emitting Laser Diodes ........................ 35 External-Cavity Diode Lasers ................................ 36 Broad-Area Laser Diodes ..................................... 37 Diode Bars .................................................. 38 Diode Stacks ................................................ 39 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers ..................... 40 Vertical-External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers ............ 41 Fiber-Coupled Diode Lasers .................................. 42 Properties of Diode Lasers .................................. 44 Quantum Cascade Lasers ...................................... 45 Solid-State Bulk Lasers ........................................ 46 Solid-State Bulk Lasers ..................................... 46 Rare-Earth-Doped Gain Media ................................. 47 Transition-Metal-Doped Gain Media ........................... 48 Properties of Host Crystals ................................. 49 Effective Cross Sections .................................... 50 Phonon Effects in Solid-State Gain Media .................... 51 Quasi-Three-Level Laser Transitions ......................... 52 Lamp Pumping vs. Diode Pumping .............................. 53 Side Pumping vs. End Pumping ................................ 55 Linear vs. Ring Laser Resonators ............................ 56 Thermal Effects in Laser Crystals and Glasses ............... 57 Rod Lasers .................................................. 59 Slab Lasers ................................................. 60 Thin-Disk Lasers ............................................ 62 Monolithic Lasers and Microchip Lasers ...................... 63 Composite Laser Gain Media .................................. 64 Cryogenic Lasers ............................................ 65 Beam Quality of Solid-State Lasers .......................... 66 Properties of Solid-State Bulk Lasers ....................... 68 Fiber and Waveguide Lasers ..................................... 69 Fiber and Waveguide Lasers .................................. 69 Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers ..................................... 70 Types of Fiber Laser Resonators ............................. 71 DBR and DFB Fiber Lasers .................................... 72 Double-Clad High-Power Fiber Devices ........................ 73 Polarization Issues ......................................... 75 Other Waveguide Lasers ...................................... 76 Upconversion Fiber Lasers ................................... 77 Properties of Fiber Lasers .................................. 78 Dye Lasers ..................................................... 79 Properties of Dye Lasers .................................... 80 Gas Lasers ..................................................... 81 Gas Lasers .................................................. 81 Helium-Neon Lasers .......................................... 82 Argon-Ion Lasers ............................................ 83 Properties of Ion Lasers .................................... 84 Carbon-Dioxide Lasers ....................................... 85 Properties of Carbon-Dioxide Lasers ......................... 86 Excimer Lasers .............................................. 87 Properties of Excimer Lasers ................................ 88 Other Types of Lasers .......................................... 89 Raman Lasers ................................................ 89 Free-Electron Lasers ........................................ 90 Chemically and Nuclear Pumped Lasers ........................ 91 Narrow-Linewidth Operation ..................................... 92 Single-Mode vs. Multimode Operation ......................... 92 Intracavity Etalons and Other Filters ....................... 94 Examples of Single-Frequency Lasers ......................... 96 Injection Locking ........................................... 97 Tunable Lasers ................................................. 98 Principles of Wavelength Tuning ............................. 98 Tunable Diode Lasers ....................................... 100 Tunable Solid-State Bulk and Fiber Lasers .................. 101 Other Tunable Laser Sources ................................ 102 Q Switching ................................................... 103 Active vs. Passive Q Switching ............................. 104 Gain Switching ................................................ 105 Mode Locking .................................................. 106 Active Mode Locking ........................................ 106 Passive Mode Locking ....................................... 107 Examples of Mode-Locked Solid-State Lasers ................. 108 Cavity Dumping ................................................ 109 Nonlinear Frequency Conversion ................................ 110 Frequency Doubling ......................................... 110 Sum and Difference Frequency Generation .................... 113 Frequency Tripling and Quadrupling ......................... 114 Optical Parametric Oscillators ............................. 115 Laser Noise ................................................... 116 Forms and Origins of Laser Noise ........................... 116 Relaxation Oscillations and Spiking ........................ 117 Noise Specifications ....................................... 118 Schawlow-Townes Linewidth .................................. 119 Laser Stabilization ........................................ 120 Laser Safety .................................................. 121 Overview on Laser Hazards .................................. 121 Safe Working Practices ..................................... 122 Common Challenges for Laser Safety ......................... 123 Design and Development ........................................ 124 Designing a Laser .......................................... 124 Laser Modeling ............................................. 125 The Development Process .................................... 126 Power Scaling .............................................. 128 Equation Summary .............................................. 130 Bibliography .................................................. 134 Index ......................................................... 135