Garel C. MRI of the fetal brain: normal development and cerebral pathologies / with contributions by Delezoide A.-L. et al. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer, 2004. - xv, 267 p.: ill. (some col.), 621 fig., 82 tabl. - ISBN 3-540-40747-2  Место хранения:   054 | Международный томографический центр CO РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Introduction .................................................... 1 Part I Development of the Fetal Brain 1. Techniques ................................................... 5 T2-Weighted Sequences ........................................ 5 T1-Weighted Sequences ........................................ 7 Gradient-Echo T2-Weighted Sequences .......................... 9 Diffusion Tensor Imaging ..................................... 9 Gadolinium Injection ......................................... 9 Conclusion ................................................... 9 2. Materials ................................................... 11 3. Methodology ................................................. 13 Examination Protocol ........................................ 13 Reference Slices ............................................ 13 Fetopathology: MRI Correlation of the Ten Reference Slices ...................................................... 14 Biometric Study ............................................. 25 Study of Gyration ........................................... 32 Study of Myelination ........................................ 33 4. Results ..................................................... 35 Chronological Presentation of the Results by Week of Gestation: From 22-23 Weeks of Gestation to 37-38 Weeks of Gestation ................................................ 35 Chronological Presentation of the Results by Slice .......... 65 Detailed Results of Biometry for Each Parameter Studied ..... 86 Detailed Results of Gyration for Each Sulcus Observed ...... 107 Detailed Results for Myelination in Each Area .............. 113 5. Comments on the Results .................................... 115 Biometry ................................................... 115 Gyration ................................................... 117 Myelination ................................................ 119 6. Appendix ................................................... 121 Pituitary Gland ............................................ 121 Optic Chiasm ............................................... 121 Brain Stem ................................................. 122 Orbital Face of the Frontal Lobes .......................... 123 Cerebral Mantle ............................................ 124 7. References ................................................. 125 Part II Imaging the Pathological Fetal Brain 8. Pathology of the Midline ................................... 131 Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis ................................. 131 Corpus Callosum Agenesis ................................ 131 Embryology Overview ..................................... 131 Signs of CCA in Ultrasonography ...................... 131 Contribution of MRI to the Antenatal Diagnosis of CCA ............................................... 132 Prognosis ............................................ 139 Thick Corpus Callosum: Corpus Callosum Lipoma ........ 140 Thick Corpus Callosum ................................... 140 Corpus Callosum Lipoma .................................. 140 Holoprosencephaly and Absence of Septum Pellucidum ......... 140 Holoprosencephaly ....................................... 140 Embryology Overview and Classification ............... 140 Signs in Ultrasonography ............................. 141 Contribution of Fetal MRI to the Antenatal Diagnosis of Holoprosencephaly ....................... 142 Prognosis ............................................ 144 Absence of Septum Pellucidum ............................... 144 Embryology Overview ..................................... 146 Signs in Ultrasonography ................................ 146 Contribution of Fetal MRI to the Diagnoses of Septal Agenesis and Septo-optic Dysplasia ............... 146 Prognosis ............................................... 148 References ................................................. 148 9. Abnormalities of Proliferation, Neuronal Migration and Cortical Organization .................................. 151 Embryology Overview and Classification ..................... 151 Brain Volume Abnormalities ................................. 152 Microcephaly ............................................ 152 Microcephaly with Simplified Gyral Pattern .............. 155 Definition, Mechanism and Prognosis .................. 155 Signs in Ultrasonography ............................. 157 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................ 157 Macrocephaly ............................................ 157 Symmetrical ............................................. 157 Asymmetrical: Hemimegalencephaly ........................ 159 Definition, Mechanism and Prognosis .................. 159 Signs in Ultrasonography ............................. 159 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................ 160 Abnormalities of Gyration .................................. 160 Migratory Causes ........................................ 160 Nodular Heterotopias: Subependymal Heterotopias ......... 160 Definition, Mechanism and Prognosis .................. 160 Signs in Ultrasonography ............................. 161 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................ 162 Prognosis ............................................ 163 Subcortical Heterotopias ................................ 163 Definition, Mechanism and Prognosis .................. 163 Antenatal Imaging .................................... 163 Prognosis ............................................ 163 Intracortical Heterotopias .............................. 163 Molecular and/or Meningeal Heterotopias ................. 164 Subcortical Band Heterotopia: Double Cortex Syndrome .... 164 Definition and Mechanism ............................. 164 Antenatal Imaging .................................... 164 Prognosis ............................................ 164 Type I Lissencephaly ....................................... 165 Definition and Mechanism ................................ 165 Signs in Ultrasonography ................................ 167 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................... 167 Prognosis ............................................... 167 Type II Lissencephaly ...................................... 167 Definition, Mechanism and Prognosis ..................... 167 Signs in Ultrasonography ................................ 167 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................... 169 Polymicrogyria Without Laminar Necrosis .................... 169 Clastic and Other Causes ................................... 170 Polymicrogyria with Laminar Necrosis ....................... 170 Definition, Mechanism and Prognosis ..................... 170 Antenatal Imaging ....................................... 171 Schizencephaly ............................................. 171 Definition and Mechanism ................................ 171 Signs in Ultrasonography ................................ 171 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................... 171 Prognosis ............................................... 172 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ................................. 172 Definition, Mechanism and Prognosis ..................... 172 Signs in Ultrasonography ................................ 172 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................... 172 References ................................................. 173 10.Intracranial Space-Occupying Lesions ....................... 177 Intracerebral Tissue Space-Occupying Lesions ............... 177 Ultrasonographic Patterns of Cerebral Tumours ........ 177 Contribution of Fetal MRI to the Diagnosis of Cerebral Tumours ..................................... 180 Prognosis ............................................ 180 Cystic Intracranial Space-Occupying Lesions ................ 180 Arachnoid Cysts ......................................... 180 Description .......................................... 181 Location and Sex ..................................... 181 Stage of Discovery ................................... 181 Ultrasonographic Diagnosis ........................... 181 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................ 182 Progression and Prognosis of Arachnoid Cysts ......... 186 Arteriovenous Malformations ............................. 188 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation ................... 188 Anatomical Substratum ................................ 188 Ultrasonographic Diagnosis ........................... 188 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................ 189 Progression of VGAM and Prognosis .................... 192 Meningocoeles and Encephalocoeles .......................... 192 Definition, Description of the Malformation and Epidemiology ......................................... 192 Ultrasonographic Diagnosis ........................... 195 Contribution of Fetal MRI ............................ 196 Natural History and Prognosis ........................ 196 References ................................................. 198 11.Ventricular Dilatation ..................................... 201 Definition of Ventricular Dilatation ....................... 201 Aetiological Diagnosis of Ventricular Dilatation: Limits of Ultrasonography and Contribution of MRI .......... 202 Which Ventricles Are Affected by Dilatation? Is This Dilatation Unilateral or Bilateral? .................... 202 What Do the Ventricular Walls Look Like? ................ 203 Contents of the Ventricles. How Do the Choroid Plexuses Look? .......................................... 203 Are the Corpus Callosum and Leaves of the Septum Pellucidum Present? ..................................... 203 How Does the Cerebral Parenchyma Look? Study of the Germinal Zone, the Signal of the Cerebral Parenchyma and Gyration ................................. 203 How Is the Posterior Fossa? ............................. 206 What Are the Biparietal Diameter, Head Circumference and Width of the Pericerebral Space? .................... 206 Are There any Extracerebral Abnormalities? .............. 207 Natural History of Ventricular Dilatation, Effect on the Cerebral Parenchyma and Prognosis ...................... 210 References ................................................. 215 12.Abnormalities of the Posterior Cerebral Fossa .............. 217 Congenital Cystic Abnormalities of the Posterior Fossa ................................................... 217 Anatomical and Embryological Data ....................... 217 Ultrasonographic Analysis of the Posterior Cerebral Fossa ................................................... 218 MRI Analysis of the Posterior Cerebral Fossa ............ 220 Classification of Congenital Cystic Abnormalities of the Posterior Fossa ..................................... 221 Dandy-Walker Malformation ............................ 221 Cerebellar Ageneses and Hypoplasias .................. 223 Vermian Ageneses .................................. 223 Cerebellar Hypoplasia ............................. 225 Mega Cisterna Magna, Blake's Pouch Cyst, Retrocerebellar Arachnoid Cysts ...................... 229 Diagnostic Difficulties ................................. 230 Conclusion .............................................. 231 Rhombencephalosynapsis ..................................... 231 Capillary Telangiectasia of the Rhombencephalon ............ 233 References ................................................. 235 13.Antenatal Cerebral Pathologies of Infectious Origin ........ 237 Cytomegalovirus Infection .................................. 237 Other Infectious Agents .................................... 241 Varicella ............................................... 241 Toxoplasmosis ........................................... 242 Rubella ................................................. 242 References ................................................. 244 14.Abnormalities of the Fetal Cerebral Parenchyma: Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic Lesions ......................... 247 General Information ........................................... 247 Haemorrhagic Lesions .......................................... 248 Signs in Ultrasonography ................................... 248 Contribution of MRI ........................................ 251 Ischaemic Lesions ............................................. 253 Signs in Ultrasonography ................................... 253 Contribution of MRI ........................................ 256 Prognosis ..................................................... 261 References .................................................... 261 Subject Index ................................................. 263