Preface ........................................................ IX
1. Theory and practice of liquid chromatography (LC) ............ 1
1.1. Sample preparation strategies ........................... 1
1.2. Thin-layer chromatography ............................... 3
1.2.1. Fundamentals ..................................... 4
1.2.2. Practical considerations ......................... 7
1.3. High-performance liquid chromatography ................. 12
1.3.1. Fundamentals .................................... 13
1.3.2. New theoretical advances in high-performance
liquid chromatography ........................... 21
1.3.3. Practical considerations ........................ 42
1.4. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) ............... 43
1.5. Various electrophoretic techniques ..................... 43
1.5.1. Fundamentals .................................... 44
1.5.2. New advances in the theory of electrophoretic
techniques ...................................... 45
1.5.3. Practical considerations ........................ 54
References .................................................. 55
2. Liquid chromatography of natural pigments ................... 63
2.1. Carotenoids ............................................ 63
2.1.1. Chemistry and biochemistry ...................... 64
2.1.2. Thin-layer chromatography ....................... 64
2.1.3. High-performance liquid chromatography .......... 71
2.1.3.1. HPLC determination of carotenoid
pigments in samples of plant origin .... 71
2.1.3.2. HPLC determination of carotenoid
pigments in human and animal
tissues ............................... 104
2.1.3.3. HPLC determination of carotenoid
pigments in miscellaneous organic
matrices .............................. 122
2.2. Flavonoids ............................................ 133
2.2.1. Chemistry and biochemistry of flavonoids ....... 133
2.2.2. Thin-layer chromatography ...................... 136
2.2.2.1. TLC separation of flavonoids in the
extracts of medicinal plants .......... 136
2.2.2.2. TLC separation of flavonoids in
model systems and in miscellaneous
matrices .............................. 151
2.2.3. High-performance liquid chromatography ......... 161
2.2.3.1. HPLC determination of flavonoids in
plant extracts ........................ 162
2.2.3.2. HPLC determination of flavonoids in
food and food products ................ 176
2.2.3.3. HPLC determination of flavonoids in
beverages ............................. 189
2.2.3.4. HPLC determination of flavonoids in
other matrices ........................ 224
2.2.4. Electrophoretic methods ........................ 233
2.3. Anthocyanins .......................................... 239
2.3.1. Chemistry and biochemistry ..................... 239
2.3.2. Thin-layer chromatography ...................... 239
2.3.3. High-performance liquid chromatography ......... 244
2.3.3.1. Determination of anthocyanins in
wine .................................. 244
2.3.3.2. Determination of anthocyanins in
fruits and other beverages ............ 259
2.3.3.3. Determination of anthocyanins in
miscellaneous matrices ................ 270
2.3.4. Electrophoretic techniques ..................... 280
2.4. Chlorophylls .......................................... 283
2.4.1. Chemistry and biochemistry ..................... 283
2.4.2. High-performance liquid chromatography ......... 286
2.4.2.1. Determination of chlorophylls in
the marine environment ................ 287
2.4.2.2. Determination of chlorophylls in
miscellaneous matrices ................ 303
2.5. Miscellaneous pigments ................................ 317
2.5.1. Thin-layer chromatography ...................... 318
2.5.2. High-performance liquid chromatography ......... 326
2.5.2.1. Miscellaneous pigments in living
organisms ............................. 326
2.5.2.2. Miscellaneous pigments in foods and
food products ......................... 328
2.5.2.3. Miscellaneous pigments in other
matrices .............................. 337
2.5.3. Electrophoretic techniques ..................... 346
References ................................................. 349
3. Liquid chromatography of synthetic dyes .................... 369
3.1. Application of synthetic dyes ......................... 369
3.2. Toxicology of synthetic dyes .......................... 371
3.3. Environmental impact of synthetic dyes ................ 371
3.3.1. Physical and physicochemical methods used
for the adsorption and degradation of dyes ..... 372
3.3.2. Microbiological methods used for the
degradation of dyes ............................ 373
3.4. Thin-layer chromatography ............................. 374
3.4.1. Application of model systems in TLC ............ 374
3.4.2. TLC determination of dyes in various
matrices ....................................... 386
3.5. High-performance liquid chromatography ................ 402
3.5.1. HPLC determination of synthetic dyes in
animal tissues ................................. 403
3.5.2. HPLC determination of synthetic dyes in
foods, food products and waters ................ 412
3.5.3. Degradation of synthetic dyes by
physicochemical methods followed by HPLC ....... 432
3.5.4. Degradation of synthetic dyes by
microbiological methods followed by HPLC ....... 469
3.5.5. HPLC separation of synthetic dyes in model
mixtures ....................................... 480
3.5.6. Miscellaneous applications ..................... 511
3.6. Electrophoretic methods ............................... 516
3.6.1. Determination of dyes in foods and food
products ....................................... 516
3.6.2. Environmental and toxicological application
of electrophoretic methods ..................... 528
3.6.3. Separation of model mixtures of dyes by
electrophoretic methods ........................ 545
References .................................................... 561
Subject Index ................................................. 573
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