Yarin L.P. Fluid flow, heat transfer and boiling in micro-channels / Yarin L.P., Mosyak A., Hetsroni G. - B.: Springer, 2009. - xiv, 481 p.: ill. - (Heat and mass transfer). - xiv, 481 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-3-540-78754-9  Место хранения:   019 | Институт теплофизики им. С.С.Кутателадзе CO РАН | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

1. Introduction ................................................. 1 1.1. General Overview ........................................ 1 1.2. Scope and Contents of Part I ............................ 2 1.3. Scope and Contents of Part II ........................... 2 Part I Flow and Heat Transfer 2. Cooling Systems of Electronic Devices ........................ 7 2.1. High-Heat Flux Management Schemes ....................... 7 2.2. Pressure and Temperature Measurements .................. 25 2.3. Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in a Single-Phase Flow ................................................... 33 2.4. Steam-Fluid Flow ....................................... 43 2.5. Surfactant Solutions ................................... 65 2.6. Design and Fabrication of Micro-Channel Heat Sinks ..... 73 Summary ..................................................... 88 References .................................................. 92 Nomenclature ................................................ 98 3. Velocity Field and Pressure Drop in Single-Phase Flows ..... 103 3.1. Introduction .......................................... 103 3.2. Characteristics of Experiments ........................ 104 3.3. Comparison Between Experimental and Theoretical Results ............................................... 106 3.4. Flow of Incompressible Fluid .......................... 107 3.4.1. Smooth Micro-Channels .......................... 107 3.4.2. Micro-Channels with Rough Walls ................ 113 3.4.3. Surfactant Solutions ........................... 117 3.5. Gas Flows ............................................. 120 3.6. Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow ............. 121 3.7. Effect of Measurement Accuracy ........................ 127 3.8. Specific Features of Flow in Micro-Channels ........... 127 3.8.1.General Remarks ................................. 127 3.8.2. Thermal Effects ................................ 130 3.8.3. Oscillatory Regimes ............................ 132 3.8.4. Laminar Drag Reduction in Micro-Channels Using Ultrahydrophobic Surfaces ................ 135 Summary .................................................... 138 References ................................................. 139 Nomenclature ............................................... 143 4. Heat Transfer in Single-Phase Flows ........................ 145 4.1. Introduction .......................................... 145 4.2. Experimental Investigations ........................... 148 4.2.1. Heat Transfer in Circular Tubes ................ 148 4.2.2. Heat Transfer in Rectangular, Trapezoidal and Triangular Ducts ........................... 152 4.2.3. Heat Transfer in Surfactant Solutions Flowing in a Micro-Channel ..................... 158 4.3. Effect of Viscous Energy Dissipation .................. 161 4.4. Axial Conduction ...................................... 168 4.4.1. Axial Conduction in the Fluid .................. 168 4.4.2. Axial Conduction in the Wall ................... 171 4.4.3. Combined Axial Conduction in the Fluid and in the Wall .................................... 171 4.5. Micro-Channel Heat Sinks .............................. 173 4.5.1. Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer in Micro- Channel Heat Sinks ............................. 173 4.5.2. Entrance Effects ............................... 178 4.5.3. Characteristic Parameters ...................... 178 4.5.4. Effect of Wall Roughness ....................... 179 4.5.5. Interfacial Effects ............................ 179 4.5.6. Effect of Measurement Accuracy ................. 179 4.6. Compressibility Effects ............................... 180 4.7. Electro-Osmotic Heat Transfer in a Micro-Channel ...... 182 4.8. Closing Remarks ....................................... 185 Summary .................................................... 187 References ................................................. 188 Nomenclature ............................................... 192 5. Gas-Liquid Flow ............................................ 195 5.1. Two-Phase Flow Characteristics ........................ 195 5.2. Flow Patterns in a Single Conventional Size Channel ... 198 5.2.1. Circular Channels .............................. 199 5.2.2. Triangular and Rectangular Channels ............ 201 5.3. Flow Patterns in a Single Micro-Channel ............... 205 5.3.1. Experimental Observations ...................... 205 5.3.2. Effect of Surface Wettability and Dryout ....... 207 5.3.3. Probability of Appearance of Different Flow Patterns ....................................... 209 5.4. Flow Patterns in Parallel Channels .................... 211 5.5. Flow Regime Maps ...................................... 214 5.5.1. Circular Channels .............................. 215 5.5.2. Triangular and Rectangular Channels ............ 216 5.6. Flow Regime Maps in Micro-Channels .................... 219 5.7. Void Fraction ......................................... 222 5.7.1. Void Fraction Definition and Correlations ...... 222 5.7.2. Experiments in Conventional Size Channels ...... 224 5.7.3. Experiments in Micro-Channels .................. 225 5.8. Pressure Drop ......................................... 227 5.8.1. Frictional Pressure Drop Correlations .......... 227 5.8.2. Experiments in Conventional Size Channels ...... 229 5.8.3. Experiments in Micro-Channels .................. 230 5.9. Heat Transfer ......................................... 234 5.9.1. Effect of Superficial Liquid Velocity .......... 234 5.9.2. Effect of Superficial Gas Velocity ............. 241 5.9.3. Heat Transfer in Micro-Channels and Dryout ..... 247 5.10.Comparison of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Characteristics Between Conventional Size Channels and Micro-Channels .................................... 250 Summary .................................................... 251 References ................................................. 252 Nomenclature ............................................... 255 6. Boiling in Micro-Channels .................................. 259 6.1. Onset of Nucleate Boiling in Conventional Size Channels .............................................. 259 6.1.1. Models for Prediction of Incipient Boiling Heat Flux and Wall Superheat ................... 260 6.1.2. Comparison Between Models and Experiments ...... 261 6.1.3. Effect of Inlet Velocity on Wall Superheat ..... 271 6.1.4. Effect of Inlet Parameters on Incipient Boiling Heat Flux .............................. 277 6.1.5. Incipience of Boiling in Surfactant Solutions ...................................... 277 6.2. Onset of Nucleate Boiling in Parallel Micro- Channels .............................................. 281 6.2.1. Physical Model of the Explosive Boiling ........ 281 6.2.2. Effect of Dissolved Gases on ONB During Flow Boiling of Water and Surfactant Solutions in Micro-Channels ................................. 283 6.2.3. Effect of Roughness ............................ 286 6.3. Dynamics of Vapor Bubble .............................. 286 6.3.1. The State of the Art of the Problem ............ 286 6.3.2. Dimensional Analysis ........................... 288 6.3.3. Experimental Data .............................. 289 6.4. Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer ....................... 294 6.4.1. Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Flow Boiling ........ 294 6.4.2. Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Boiling ........ 301 6.4.3. Critical Heat Flux of Flow Boiling ............. 305 6.5. Explosive Boiling of Water in Parallel Micro- Channels .............................................. 309 6.5.1. Quasi-Periodic Boiling in a Certain Single Micro-Channel of a Heat Sink ................... 310 6.5.2. The Initial Thickness of the Liquid Film ....... 311 6.5.3. System that Contains a Number of Parallel Micro-Channels ................................. 312 6.5.4. Average Heat Transfer Coefficient .............. 315 Summary .................................................... 317 References ................................................. 319 Nomenclature ............................................... 325 7. Design Considerations ...................................... 329 7.1. Single-Phase Flow ..................................... 329 7.2. Gas-Liquid Row ........................................ 332 7.3. Boiling in Micro-Channels ............................. 333 7.3.1. Boiling Incipience ............................. 333 7.3.2. Flow Boiling: Pressure Drop Characteristics .... 335 7.3.3. Flow Boiling: Heat Transfer .................... 336 7.3.4. Natural Convection Boiling ..................... 339 7.3.5. Explosive Boiling .............................. 339 7.4. Selected Properties of Liquids Used for Cooling Micro-Devices ......................................... 340 References ................................................. 343 Nomenclature ............................................... 344 Part II Special Topics 8. Capillary Flow with a Distinct Interface ................... 349 8.1. Preliminary Remarks ................................... 349 8.2. The Physical Model .................................... 351 8.3. Governing Equations ................................... 352 8.4. Conditions at the Interface Surface ................... 353 8.5. Equation Transformation. 354 8.5.1. Equation for Pressure and Temperature at Interface Surface .............................. 354 8.5.2. Transformation of the Mass, Momentum and Energy Equations ........................... 355 8.6. Equations for the Average Parameters .................. 358 8.7. Quasi-One-Dimensional Approach ........................ 359 8.8. Parameters Distribution in Characteristic Zones ....... 360 8.9. Parametrical Study .................................... 364 8.9.1. Thermohydrodynamic Characteristics of Flow ..... 364 8.9.2. The Effect of Regulated Parameters ............. 366 Summary .................................................... 374 References ................................................. 376 Nomenclature ............................................... 377 9. Steady and Unsteady Flow in a Heated Capillary ............. 379 9.1. Introduction .......................................... 379 9.2. The Physical Model .................................... 381 9.3. Parameters Distribution Along the Micro-Channel ....... 385 9.4. Stationary Flow Regimes ............................... 388 9.5. Experimental Facility and Experimental Results ........ 393 Summary .................................................... 398 References ................................................. 398 Nomenclature ............................................... 399 10.Laminar Flow in a Heated Capillary with a Distinct Interface .................................................. 401 10.1.Introduction .......................................... 401 10.2.Model of the Cooling System ........................... 403 10.3.Formulation of the Problem ............................ 404 10.3.1.Conditions on the Interfacial Surface .......... 404 10.3.2.The Flow Outside of the Interfacial Surface .... 406 10.4.Non-Dimensional Variables ............................. 408 10.5.Parametrical Equation ................................. 410 10.6.Parametrical Analysis ................................. 413 10.7.Results and Discussion ................................ 418 10.8.Efficiency of the Cooling System ...................... 421 10.9.Equation Transformation ............................... 424 10.9.1.The Dependence of the Saturation Pressure and Temperature ................................ 424 10.9.2.Integral Relations ............................. 424 10.9.3.Analysis of the Equations ...................... 427 10.10.Two-Dimensional Approach ............................. 428 Summary .................................................... 430 References ................................................. 433 Nomenclature ............................................... 434 11.Onset of Flow Instability in a Heated Capillary ............ 437 11.1.Introduction .......................................... 437 11.2.Capillary Flow Pattern ................................ 439 11.3.Equation Transformation ............................... 440 11.3.1.Perturbed Equations ............................ 440 11.3.2.Perturbed Energy Equation for Small Peclet Number ......................................... 442 11.3.3.Perturbed Energy Equation for Moderate Peclet Number ......................................... 443 11.4.Flow with Small Peclet Numbers ........................ 445 11.4.1.The Velocity, Pressure and Temperature Oscillations ................................... 445 11.4.2.Dispersion Equation ............................ 447 11.4.3.Solution of the Dispersion Equation ............ 449 11.4.4.Analysis of the Solution ....................... 450 11.5.Effect of Capillary Pressure and Heat Flux Oscillations .......................................... 454 11.5.1.Capillary Pressure Oscillations ................ 454 11.5.2.Heat Flux Oscillations ......................... 457 11.6.Moderate Peclet Number ................................ 459 Summary .................................................... 462 References ................................................. 462 Nomenclature ............................................... 464 Author Index .................................................. 467 Subject Index ................................................. 477