1. Introduction ................................................. 1
2. Synthetic Aperture Radar ..................................... 7
2.1. Synthetic Aperture Radar ................................ 7
2.1.1. SAR Image Resolution ............................. 7
2.1.2. SAR Raw Data Characteristics ..................... 9
2.1.3. Basic SAR Raw Data Processing ................... 11
2.1.4. SAR Image Properties ............................ 13
2.2. SAR Polarimetry ........................................ 14
2.2.1. Electromagnetic Wave Polarization ............... 14
2.2.2. Polarimetric Representation of Radar Targets .... 16
2.2.3. Physical Interpretation ......................... 19
2.3. SAR Interferometry ..................................... 21
2.3.1. SAR Interferometry Basics ....................... 21
2.3.2. Interferometric SAR Coherence ................... 24
2.4. Advanced Multi-channel SAR ............................. 26
2.4.1. Single-baseline Polarimetric SAR
Interferometry .................................. 26
2.4.2. Multibaseline SAR Interferometry ................ 28
3. Single Polarization Multibaseline InSAR Spectral Analysis
Techniques .................................................. 31
3.1. Single Polarization MB InSAR Signal Models ............. 31
3.1.1. Sensor Array Signal Model ....................... 32
3.1.2. Deterministic MB InSAR Signal Model ............. 34
3.1.3. Stochastic MB InSAR Signal Model ................ 34
3.1.4. Hybrid MB InSAR Signal Model .................... 36
3.2. Model Order Selection Techniques ....................... 37
3.3. Spectral Estimation Algorithms ......................... 40
3.3.1. Conventional Beamforming ........................ 40
3.3.2. Capon Method .................................... 41
3.3.3. MUSIC Algorithm ................................. 42
3.3.4. Least-Squares Method ............................ 44
3.3.5. M-RELAX ......................................... 45
3.4. Maximum Likelihood Joint Detection and Estimation ...... 47
3.4.1. Data Model and Problem Formulation .............. 47
3.4.2. Combined Detection-Estimation Method ............ 47
3.5. Conclusions ............................................ 52
4. Polarimetric Multibaseline InSAR Spectral Analysis
Techniques .................................................. 55
4.1. Polarimetric MB InSAR Signal Models .................... 55
4.1.1. Deterministic MB POL-InSAR Signal Model ......... 56
4.1.2. Stochastic MB POL-InSAR Signal Model ............ 59
4.1.3. Hybrid MB POL-InSAR Signal Model ................ 61
4.2. Polarimetric Model Order Selection Algorithms .......... 63
4.3. Polarimetric Spectral Estimation Methods ............... 66
4.3.1. Polarimetric Beamforming ........................ 66
4.3.2. Polarimetric Capon Method ....................... 68
4.3.3. Polarimetric MUSIC Algorithm .................... 70
4.3.4. Polarimetric Least-Squares Method ............... 72
4.3.5. Polarimetric M-RELAX ............................ 73
4.4. Polarimetric ML Joint Detection and Estimation ......... 76
4.5. Conclusions ............................................ 80
5. Applications of Polarimetric Multibaseline InSAR Spectral
Analysis Techniques ......................................... 83
5.1. Presentation of the Dataset ............................ 83
5.2. Dual-baseline POL-InSAR Model Order Selection .......... 87
5.3. Multibaseline POL-InSAR Height and Scattering
Mechanism Estimation ................................... 90
5.3.1. Single-baseline POL-InSAR Height and
Scattering Mechanism Estimation for
3D Modeling ..................................... 90
5.3.2. Dual-baseline POL-InSAR Height Estimation
for Layover Analysis ............................ 91
5.4. Dual-baseline POL-InSAR Reflectivity and
Scattering Mechanism Estimation for 3D Imaging ........ 117
5.5. Conclusions ........................................... 134
6. Conclusions and Perspectives ............................... 137
A. Derivation of the Standard Model Order Selection
Techniques ................................................. 143
A.l Data Model and Problem Formulation ................... 143
A.2 Model Order Selection Techniques ..................... 144
В. Derivation of the Beamforming, Capon, and MUSIC
Methods .................................................... 147
B.l. Derivation of the Classical Beamforming Method ........ 147
B.2. Derivation of the Standard Capon Algorithm ............ 149
B.3. Derivation of the Polarimetric Beamforming and
Capon Filters ......................................... 150
B.4. Derivation of the Conventional MUSIC Technique ........ 151
С. Algorithmic Scheme of the Conventional M-RELAX ............. 155
D. Derivation of the Standard MLE ............................. 157
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