Preface ........................................................ x
Materials Research at the Tokyo Institute of Technology
Seizo Miyata ................................................... xi
List of Contributors .......................................... xiv
Part I Revolutional Oxides
1. Function Cultivation in Transparent Oxides Utilizing
Natural and Artificial Nanostructures ........................ 3
Hideo Hosono and Masahiro Hirano
1.1. General Introduction ....................................... 4
1.2. Transparent Oxide Semiconductors ........................... 7
1.3. Transparent Nanoporous Crystal 12СаО-7А120з ............... 24
1.4. Encoding of Periodic Nanostructures with Interfering
Femtosecond Pulses ........................................ 40
References ..................................................... 57
2. The Role of Lattice Defects in Oxides ....................... 62
Mitsuru Itoh
2.1. Introduction .............................................. 62
2.2. Magnetic Materials (Spin Crossover in Oxides) ............. 63
2.3. Ferroelectric Materials ................................... 72
2.4. Lithium Ion Conductivity in Oxides ........................ 79
2.5. Concluding Remarks ........................................ 91
2.6. Clue to the Design of New Functional Oxide Materials ...... 93
References ..................................................... 95
3. Size Effect of Ferroelectric and High Permittivity
Thin Films .................................................. 99
Hiroshi Funakubo
3.1. Introduction .............................................. 99
3.2. Size Effect of Ferroelectricity in PZT Thin Films ........ 101
3.3. Size-Effect-Free Characteristics of Bismuth Layer
Structured Dielectrics ................................... 107
3.4. Summary and Future Aspects ............................... 131
References .................................................... 131
Part II State-of-the-Art Polymers
4. Photonic Devices using Liquid Crystal Nanostructures ....... 137
Hideo Takezoe
4.1. Photonic Effect .......................................... 137
4.2. basing from CLCs ......................................... 148
4.3. Optical Diode ............................................ 160
4.4. Concluding Remarks and Future Problems for Practical
Applications ............................................. 167
References .................................................... 168
5. Nanocylinder Array Structures in Block Copolymer
Thin Films ................................................. 171
Kaori Kamata and Tomokazu Iyoda
5.1. General Introduction ..................................... 171
5.2. Synthesis of Block Copolymers ............................ 172
5.3. Self-organization and Phase Behavior of Block
Copolymer Microdomains ................................... 173
5.4. Phase-segregated Nanostructures in Block Copolymer
Thin Films ............................................... 191
5.5. Phase-segregated Nanostructures in Thin Films
Effective for Practical Use Cylindrical Phases
in Block Copolymer Thin Films ............................ 194
5.6. Nanocylindrical-structured Block Copolymer Templates ..... 210
5.7. Summary and Future Directions. 215 References ............ 216
6. Nano-Size Charge Inhomogeneity in Organic Metals ........... 224
Takehiko Mori
6.1. Introduction ............................................. 224
6.2. Universal Phase Diagram of the G-Phase ................... 226
6.3. Charge Order ............................................. 231
6.4. Theoretical Background and Estimation of V ............... 240
6.5. Discussion ............................................... 255
6.6. Summary .................................................. 257
References .................................................... 258
Part III Nanostructure Design for New Functions
7. Size Control of Nanostructures by Quantum Confinement ...... 265
Hiroyuki Hirayama
7.1. Introductory Remarks ..................................... 265
7.2. Quantum Well States in Surface Nanostructures ............ 267
7.3. Size Control of Nanostructures via Quantum
Confinement .............................................. 278
7.4. Practical and Future Applications ........................ 291
7.5. Summary .................................................. 295
References .................................................... 295
8. Grain Boundary Dynamics in Ceramics Superplasticity ........ 297
Fumihiro Wakai and Arturo Dominguez-Rodriguez
8.1. Introduction ............................................. 297
8.2. Motion and Topological Evolution of Grains ............... 298
8.3. Physical Characteristics of Ceramics Superplasticity ..... 304
8.4. Grain Refinement and Suppression of Grain Growth ......... 305
8.5. Diffusion Enhancement .................................... 306
8.6. Superplastic Forming ..................................... 309
8.7. Future Prospects ......................................... 310
References .................................................... 310
9. Nanostructure Control for High-strength and
High-ductility Aluminum Alloys ............................. 315
Tatsuo Sato
9.1. Introduction ............................................. 315
9.2. History of High-strength and High-ductility
Aluminum Alloys .......................................... 316
9.3. Discovery of GP Zones .................................... 319
9.4. Clusters in the Early Stage of Phase Decomposition ....... 320
9.5. Ductility and PFZ Control by Nanoclusters ................ 342
9.6. Summary .................................................. 344
References .................................................... 344
Part IV Nanostructure Architecture for Engineering
Applications
10.Nanoporous Materials from Mineral and Organic Templates .... 349
Kiyoshi Okada and Kenneth J.D. MacKenzie
10.1.Historical Background and Development .................... 349
10.2.Review of the Porous Properties of Nanoporous
Materials Produced Using Mineral Templates ............... 357
10.3.Practical/Future Applications Related to Various
Properties ............................................... 373
10.4.Summary .................................................. 378
References .................................................... 379
11.Enhancement of Thermoelectric Figure of Merit through
Nanostructural Control on Intermetalhc Semiconductors
toward High-temperature Applications ....................... 383
Yoshinao Mishima, Yoshisato Kimura and Sung Wng Kim
11.1. Background and Principles ............................... 384
11.2. Bulk Intermetallic Semiconductors for Future
High-temperature Applications ........................... 390
11.3. A Breakthrough in ZT: Nanostructured Materials .......... 405
References .................................................... 414
12. Smart Coatings - Multilayered and Multifunctional
in-situ Ultrahigh-temperature Coatings .................... 419
Hideki Hosoda
12.1. Introduction ............................................ 420
12.2. Oxidation Resistance of Ir .............................. 421
12.3. Design of Multifunctional and Multilayered Coating
Based on IrAl ........................................... 423
12.4. Physical Properties of IrAl Alloys ...................... 425
12.5. Oxidation Behavior of Ir-rich IrAl ...................... 433
12.6. Oxidation Behavior of Al-rich IrAl Alloys ............... 437
12.7. Oxidation Behavior of Co-added IrAl ..................... 440
12.8. Summary ................................................. 444
References .................................................... 445
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