Preface ........................................................ v
Acknowledgements ............................................... ix
Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................... 1
1.1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Removals from
Land-Use Sectors .......................................... 3
1.2. Mitigation Opportunities and Potential
in Land-Use Sectors ....................................... 4
1.3. Linkages Between Mitigation and Adaptation ................ 5
1.4. Why Carbon Inventory? ..................................... 5
1.4.1. Carbon Inventory for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventory ..................................... 6
1.4.2. Carbon Inventory for Climate Change Mitigation
Projects or Programmes ............................ 6
1.4.3. Carbon Inventory for Clean Development
Mechanism Projects ................................ 7
1.4.4. Carbon Inventory for Projects Under the Global
Environment Facility .............................. 7
1.4.5. Carbon Inventory for Forest, Grassland
and Agroforestry Development Projects ............. 8
1.5. Carbon Inventory Methods and Guidelines ................... 9
1.6. Purpose, Organization and Target Groups for the
Handbook .................................................. 9
Chapter 2 Global Carbon Cycle, Carbon Dioxide
Emissions and Mitigation ............................. 13
2.1. Carbon Stocks and Fluxes ................................. 13
2.2. Anthropogenic C02 Emissions .............................. 14
2.3. C02 Concentration in the Atmosphere ...................... 15
2.4. Carbon Stocks in Vegetation and Soils of Different
Biomes ................................................... 15
2.5. C02 Emissions from Land-Use Sectors ...................... 17
2.6. Mitigation Potential in the Land-Use Sectors ............. 18
2.6.1. Forest Sector .................................... 18
2.6.2. Agriculture Sector ............................... 19
2.7 Conclusions ............................................. 19
Chapter 3 Categories of Activities, Programmes and Projects
Requiring Carbon Inventory ........................... 21
3.1. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory ........................ 21
3.2. Carbon Inventory for Climate Change Mitigation
Projects and Programmes .................................. 23
3.3. Carbon Inventory for Clean Development Mechanism
Projects ................................................. 25
3.4. Carbon Inventory for Projects Under the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) ............................... 27
3.5. Carbon Inventory for Forest, Grassland and Cropland
Development Programmes and Projects ...................... 28
3.6. Conclusions .............................................. 30
Chapter 4 Carbon Pools and Measurement Frequency
for Carbon Inventory ................................. 31
4.1. Features of Carbon Pools ................................. 32
4.1.1. Distribution of Different Carbon Pools ........... 32
4.1.2. Definition of Carbon Pools ....................... 34
4.1.3. Flux of Carbon Pools ............................. 36
4.2. Criteria for Selection of Carbon Pools ................... 37
4.3. Key Carbon Pools for Different Programmes and
Projects ................................................. 38
4.3.1. Carbon Mitigation Projects ....................... 38
4.3.2. Roundwood Production, Land Conservation
and Development Projects ......................... 40
4.3.3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories .............. 41
4.4. Frequency of Monitoring of Carbon Pools .................. 41
4.4.1. Above-Ground Biomass ............................. 41
4.4.2. Below-Ground Biomass ............................. 42
4.4.3. Litter and Deadwood Biomass ...................... 43
4.4.4. Soil Carbon ...................................... 43
4.5. Conclusions .............................................. 44
Chapter 5 Carbon Inventory in Project Development,
Implementation and Monitoring Phases ................. 45
5.1. Project Conceptualization ................................ 46
5.2. Project Proposal Development Phase ....................... 47
5.3. Project Review, Appraisal and Approval Phase ............. 50
5.4. Project Implementation Phase ............................. 51
5.5. Project Monitoring Phase ................................. 51
5.6. Project Evaluation Phase ................................. 52
5.7. Carbon Mitigation and Non-Carbon Land Development
Projects: Implications for Carbon Inventory During
Project Cycle ............................................ 52
5.8. Conclusions .............................................. 54
Chapter 6 Methodological Issues in Land-Based Projects ......... 55
6.1. Baseline ................................................. 55
6.1.1. Fundamental Steps in Establishing a Baseline ..... 57
6.1.2. Project-Specific and Generic Baselines ........... 57
6.1.3. Fixed and Adjustable Baselines ................... 58
6.1.4. Baseline Scenario for Carbon Mitigation
and Land-Based Development Projects .............. 59
6.2. Additionality (UNFCCC) or Incrementality (GEF) ........... 60
6.3. Permanence ............................................... 61
6.4. Leakage .................................................. 62
6.5. Project Boundary ......................................... 64
6.6. Scale of the Project ..................................... 65
6.7. Conclusions .............................................. 65
Chapter 7 Carbon Inventory Under Baseline and Project
Scenarios ............................................ 67
7.1. Broad Approaches to Estimating Carbon Stocks ............. 67
7.1.1. Approach Based on Default Value .................. 67
7.1.2. Approach Based on Cross-Sectional Field
Studies .......................................... 69
7.1.3. Approach Based on Modelling ...................... 69
7.2. Carbon Inventory Under Baseline Scenario ................. 70
7.2.1. Selection of Fixed or Adjustable Baseline ........ 70
7.2.2. Baseline Carbon Stock Estimation at Different
Phases of Project Cycle .......................... 72
7.2.3. Baseline Carbon Stock Estimation and
Projection During Project Development Phase ...... 72
7.2.4. Baseline Carbon Stock Monitoring During
Monitoring Phase ................................. 75
7.2.5. Baseline Estimation Through Use of Models ........ 78
7.3. Carbon Inventory Under Project Scenario .................. 78
7.3.1. Project Development Phase ........................ 78
7.3.2. Monitoring Carbon Stock Changes
in the Project Scenario .......................... 80
7.4. Summary of Methods ................................. 83
Chapter 8 Techniques for Estimation and Monitoring
of Project Areas and Boundary ........................ 85
8.1. Approach to Selecting a Method ........................... 86
8.2. Ground Methods ........................................... 88
8.2.1 Physical Measurement ............................ 88
8.2.2. GPS Approach ..................................... 90
8.2.3. Participatory Rural Appraisal .................... 91
8.3. Remote Sensing Methods ................................... 93
8.3.1. Aerial Photography ............................... 94
8.3.2. Passive Satellite Data ........................... 96
8.3.3. Active Satellite Data ............................ 96
8.4. Estimating and Monitoring Land-Use Change ................ 97
8.5. Conclusions .............................................. 98
Chapter 9 Generic Methods for Inventory of Carbon Pools ........ 99
9.1. Approaches to Estimating Carbon Stock Changes ............ 99
9.1.1. Carbon "Gain-Loss" Method ....................... 100
9.1.2. Carbon "Stock-Difference" Method ................ 100
9.1.3. Comparison of "Gain-Loss"
and "Stock-Difference" Approaches ............... 101
9.2. Methodological Options for Estimating Carbon Pools ...... 102
9.3. Methods for Estimating Above-Ground Biomass ............. 103
9.4. Estimation of Below-Ground Biomass or Root Biomass ...... 107
9.5. Estimation of Litter and Deadwood Biomass ............... 108
9.6. Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon ....................... 109
9.7. Conclusions ............................................. 111
Chapter 10 Methods for Estimating Above-Ground Biomass ........ 113
10.1. Selection of Land-Use Category, Project Activity
or Vegetation Type ...................................... 115
10.2. Definition of the Project Boundary and Mapping
of the Land-Use Category or Project Area ................ 115
10.3. Stratification of the Project Area or Land-Use
Category ................................................ 117
10.3.1. Stratification for Baseline Scenario ............ 118
10.3.2. Stratification for Project Scenario ............. 118
10.3.3. Stratification Under Land-Use Change ............ 119
10.3.4. Approach to and Steps in Stratification ......... 120
10.3.5. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS
for Stratification .............................. 121
10.4. Selection of a Method for Estimation of Above-Ground
Biomass: the "Plot Method" .............................. 121
10.5. Selection of Appropriate Frequency of Measurement
for the Above-Ground Biomass Pool ....................... 122
10.6. Identification of the Parameters to be Measured
For Estimating the Above-Ground Biomass Pool ............ 122
10.7. Selection of Sampling Method and Sample Size ............ 124
10.7.1. Sampling Principles ............................. 124
10.7.2. Type and Shape of Sample Plots .................. 125
10.7.3. Number of Plots ................................. 127
10.7.4. Size of the Plot ................................ 130
10.8. Preparation for Field work and Recording of
Information ............................................. 131
10.9. Sampling Design ......................................... 132
10.10.Location and Laying of Sample Plots ..................... 134
10.11.Field Measurement of Indicator Parameters ............... 137
10.11.1.Above-Ground Biomass of Trees ................... 138
10.11.2.Shrubs .......................................... 141
10.11.3.Herbs ........................................... 143
10.11.4.Grass Production ................................ 143
10.11.5.Measurement of Palms and Lianas ................. 144
10.12.Recording Data and Compilation .......................... 145
10.13.Long-Term Monitoring for Above-Ground Biomass ..... 145
10.14.Conclusions ....................................... 147
Chapter 11 Methods for Below-Ground Biomass ................... 149
11.1. Below-Ground Biomass: Features and Broad Methods ........ 149
11.2. Excavation of Roots ..................................... 150
11.3. Monolith for Deep Roots ................................. 152
11.4. Soil Core or Pit for Non-Tree Vegetation ................ 153
11.5. Root to Shoot Ratio ..................................... 154
11.6. Allometric Equations .................................... 155
11.7. Long-Term Monitoring of Below-Ground Biomass ............ 155
11.8. Conclusions ............................................. 156
Chapter 12 Methods for Dead Organic Matter: Deadwood
and Litter ......................................... 157
12.1. Deadwood ................................................ 158
12.1.1. Standing Deadwood ............................... 158
12.1.2. Fallen Deadwood ................................. 159
12.2. Litter Biomass .......................................... 160
12.2.1. Annual Litter Production Method ................. 161
12.2.2. Litter Stock Change Method ...................... 162
12.3. Long-Term Monitoring of Deadwood and Litter ............. 163
12.4. Conclusions ............................................. 163
Chapter 13 Methods for Estimating Soil Organic Carbon ......... 165
13.1. Soil Carbon Inventory for Land-Use Projects and
Greenhouse Gas Inventory ................................ 166
13.1.1. Soil Carbon Inventory for Mitigation
Projects ........................................ 166
13.1.2. Soil Carbon Inventory for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory ........................ 167
13.2. Methods for Inventory of Soil Organic Carbon ............ 167
13.3. Broad Procedure for Soil Carbon Inventory ............... 172
13.3.1. Selection of Land-Use Category or Project
Activities, Stratification of the Area and
Demarcation of Project Boundary ................. 173
13.3.2. Determination of the Frequency of
Measurement ..................................... 174
13.3.3. Selection of Method for Estimation .............. 174
13.3.4. Selection of Sampling Technique ................. 174
13.3.5. Preparation for Fieldwork ....................... 175
13.3.6. Locating Sampling Points in the Field ........... 175
13.3.7. Measurement of Bulk Density Parameters .......... 176
13.3.8. Field Procedure for Sampling Soil
for Laboratory Analysis ......................... 178
13.3.9. Laboratory Analysis of Soil Samples ............. 178
13.3.10.Calculation of Soil Organic Carbon .............. 179
13.3.11.Long-Term Monitoring of Soil Organic
Carbon .......................................... 179
13.4. Conclusions ............................................. 180
Chapter 14 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for
Terrestrial Carbon Inventory ....................... 181
14.1. Implications for Carbon Inventory ....................... 182
14.2. Data from Remote Sensing ................................ 182
14.2.1. Remote Sensing and Ground Reference Data ........ 189
14.2.2. Calibrating Remote Sensing Data ................. 190
14.3. Methods to Estimate Biomass ............................. 190
14.3.1. Estimating Biomass Based on Remote Sensing
Vegetation Index ................................ 191
14.3.2. Estimating Biomass Based on Remote
Sensing-Derived Land-Use Change Classes
and GIS ......................................... 193
14.4. Uncertainty and Accuracy ................................ 195
14.5. Feasibility of Remote Sensing for Different
Project Types ........................................... 196
14.6. The Role of GIS ......................................... 197
14.7. The Future for Remote Sensing and GIS ................... 197
14.8. Conclusions ............................................. 199
Chapter 15 Modelling for Estimation and Projection
of Carbon Stocks in Land-Use Systems ............... 201
15.1. Types of Models and Application in Estimating
and Projecting Carbon Stocks ............................ 202
15.1.1. Biomass Equations ............................... 202
15.1.2. PROCOMAP ........................................ 204
15.1.3. C02FIX .......................................... 204
15.1.4. CENTURY ......................................... 206
15.1.5. ROTH3 C-26.3 .................................... 207
15.1.6. Application at National Level for
Greenhouse Gas Inventory ........................ 207
15.2. Description of Models, Data Needs and Procedure ......... 207
15.2.1. Steps in Applying Biomass Equations ............. 207
15.2.2. Steps in Applying PROCOMAP ...................... 208
15.2.3. Steps in Applying C02FIX (Version 3.1.0) ........ 210
15.2.4. Steps in Applying CENTURY (V. 5) ................ 212
15.2.5. Steps in Applying ROTH .......................... 213
15.3. Conclusions ............................................. 214
Chapter 16 Carbon Inventory Methods for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory ........................... 217
16.1. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines ........................ 219
16.2. The IPCC 2003 and 2006 Guidelines ....................... 219
16.3. Carbon Inventory Methods for Land-Use Categories ........ 221
16.4. What IPCC 2003 and 2006 Inventory Guidelines
Provide ................................................. 221
16.5. What IPCC 1996, 2003 and 2006 Inventory
Guidelines do not Provide ............................... 222
16.6. Application of Carbon Inventory Methods to National
GHG Inventory ........................................... 223
16.7. Approach to Generating Carbon Emission and Removal
Factors for National GHG Inventories .................... 224
16.7.1. Tier Definition and Selection for GHG
Inventory ....................................... 224
16.7.2. Key Category Analysis ........................... 226
16.7.3. Land-Use Categories and Stratification .......... 227
16.7.4. Selection of Land-Use Categories,
Estimation of Area and Preparation
of Spatial Maps of the Land-Use Categories ...... 228
16.8. Estimation and Monitoring of Biomass Stocks and
Changes ................................................. 229
16.8.1. Sampling Method and Location of the Plots ....... 229
16.8.2. Permanent Plot Method for Biomass Carbon ........ 229
16.8.3. Parameters to be Monitored for Biomass
Carbon Inventory and Frequency of
Monitoring ...................................... 230
16.8.4. Preparation for Fieldwork, Data Formats
and Field Measurement Procedures ................ 231
16.8.5. Methods of Analysis and Calculation
Procedure for Biomass Carbon .................... 231
16.9. Estimation and Monitoring Stocks and Change
in Stock of Soil Organic Carbon ......................... 231
16.10.Reporting of GHG Inventory Estimates for LULUCF
or AFOLU Sector ......................................... 233
16.11.Uncertainty Estimation and Reduction .................... 233
16.12.Quality Assurance and Quality Control ................... 234
16.13.Remote Sensing Techniques for National
Carbon Inventories ...................................... 235
16.14.Conclusions ............................................. 235
Chapter 17 Estimation of Carbon Stocks and Changes
and Data Sources ................................... 237
17.1. Above-Ground Biomass of Trees ........................... 238
17.1.1. Estimating Tree Biomass Using the Harvest
Method .......................................... 238
17.1.2. Estimating Tree Volume .......................... 238
17.1.3. Estimating Tree Biomass Using Volume Tables ..... 240
17.1.4. Estimating Tree Biomass Using Mean Tree
Weight .......................................... 241
17.1.5. Biomass Equations ............................... 242
17.1.6. Biomass Conversion and Expansion Factors ........ 246
17.1.7. Application of Methods for Estimating
Above-Ground Biomass ............................ 247
17.2. Above-Ground Biomass of Non-Trees ....................... 248
17.2.1. Shrub and Herb Biomass .......................... 248
17.2.2. Grass Biomass Production: Above the Ground ...... 249
17.3. Below-Ground Biomass .................................... 249
17.4. Calculation of Deadwood and Litter Biomass .............. 251
17.4.1. Deadwood ........................................ 252
17.4.2. Litter .......................................... 253
17.5. Soil Organic Carbon ..................................... 254
17.6. Formulae and Calculations for Estimating
Different Carbon Pools .................................. 254
17.6.1. Calculation of Carbon Stocks and Changes
for Climate Mitigation Projects ................. 257
17.6.2. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories ............. 258
17.6.3. Calculation of Biomass Stocks and Changes
for Roundwood Production Projects ............... 258
17.6.4. Carbon Inventory for Agroforestry,
Shelterbelt, Grassland Management
and Soil Conservation Activities ................ 259
17.7. Data and Sources of Data ................................ 260
17.7.1. Data Needs for a Carbon Inventory ............... 261
17.7.2. Sources of Data ................................. 262
17.7.3. Criteria for Evaluation and Selection
of Parameters ................................... 267
17.7.4. Steps in Selection and Use of Carbon
Inventory Parameter Values ...................... 268
17.8. Conclusions ............................................. 269
Chapter 18 Uncertainty Estimation, Quality Assurance
and Quality Control ................................ 271
18.1. Causes of Uncertainty ................................... 272
18.2. Estimation of Uncertainty ............................... 273
18.2.1. Simple Error Propagation ........................ 274
18.2.2. Monte Carlo Simulations ......................... 275
18.3. Uncertainty Analysis .................................... 276
18.4. Reducing Uncertainty .................................... 276
18.5. Quality Assurance, Quality Control and Verification ..... 277
18.5.1. Quality Control Procedures ...................... 278
18.5.2. Quality Assurance Review Procedures ............. 279
18.5.3. Verification .................................... 279
18.6. Conclusions ............................................. 279
Chapter 19 Implications of Climate Change for Carbon
Stocks and Inventory ............................... 281
19.1. C02 concentrations and Climate Projections .............. 282
19.2. Impact of Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems ........... 282
19.3. Models for Projecting Carbon Stock Changes
Under Climate Change Scenarios .......................... 284
19.4. Implications of Climate Change for Carbon Inventory ..... 286
19.5. Conclusions ............................................. 287
References .................................................... 289
Index ......................................................... 299
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