List of Contributors .......................................... IX
1. Introduction ................................................ 1
Günter Schmid
2. The Nature of Nanotechnology ................................ 3
Günter Schmid
2.1. Definition ............................................. 3
2.2. From Nanoscience to Nanotechnology ..................... 8
2.2.1. Molecular Motors and Machines ................... 9
2.2.2. Molecular Switches ............................. 15
2.2.3. Single-Electron Memories ....................... 18
2.2.4. Drug Delivery .................................. 21
2.2.5. Gene Chips ..................................... 25
2.2.6. Hyperthermia ................................... 27
2.2.7. Gas Sensors .................................... 28
2.3. Technologies on the Nanoscale ......................... 31
2.3.1. Introduction ................................... 31
2.3.2. Structured Surfaces ............................ 31
2.4. Final Remarks ......................................... 35
References ............................................ 36
3. Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up .................................. 41
Wolfgang J. Parak, Friedrich C. Simmel, and
Alexander W. Holleitner
3.1. Introduction .......................................... 41
3.1.1. Top-Down Strategies ............................ 43
3.1.2. Bottom-Up Strategies ........................... 46
3.2. First Example: Nanotweezers ........................... 48
3.2.1. Top-Down Nanotweezers .......................... 48
3.2.2. Bottom-Up Nanotweezers ......................... 51
3.3. Second Example: Nanomotors ............................ 52
3.3.1. Top-Down Nanomotors ............................ 52
3.3.2. Bottom-Up Nanomotors ........................... 54
3.4. Third Example: Patterning ............................. 56
3.4.1. Soft Lithography ............................... 56
3.4.2. Two-Dimensional DNA Lattices ................... 57
3.5. Fourth Example: Quantum Dots .......................... 58
3.5.1. Different Methods for Making Quantum Dots ...... 58
3.5.2. Lithographically Defined Quantum Dots .......... 59
3.5.3. Epitaxially Self-Assembled Quantum Dots ........ 61
3.5.4. Colloidal Quantum Dots ......................... 62
3.6. Perspectives and Limits of Top-Down and Bottom-Up
Approaches ............................................ 64
References ............................................ 66
4. Fundamental Principles of Quantum Dots ..................... 73
Wolfgang J. Parak, Liberate Manna, and Thomas Nann
4.1. Introduction and Outline .............................. 73
4.1.1. Nanoscale Science and Technology ............... 73
4.2. Nanoscale Materials and Quantum Mechanics ............. 75
4.2.1. Nanoscale Materials are Intermediates
Between Atomic and Bulk Matter ................. 75
4.2.2. Quantum Mechanics .............................. 76
4.3. From Atoms to Molecules and Quantum Dots .............. 77
4.4. Shrinking Bulk Material to a Quantum Dot .............. 81
4.4.1. Three-Dimensional Systems (Bulk Material) ...... 81
4.4.2. Two-Dimensional Systems ........................ 85
4.4.3. One-Dimensional Systems (Quantum Wires) ........ 88
4.4.4. Zero-Dimensional Systems (Quantum Dots) ........ 90
4.5. Energy Levels of a (Semiconductor) Quantum Dot ........ 91
References ................................................. 95
5. Fundamentals and Functionality of Inorganic Wires, Rods
and Tubes .................................................. 97
Jörg J. Schneider, Alexander Popp, and Jörg Engstler
5.1. Introduction .......................................... 97
5.2. Physical Properties of ID Structures .................. 99
5.3. Synthetic Methods for ID Structures .................. 100
5.3.1. The Template Approach ......................... 101
5.3.2. Electrochemical Techniques .................... 104
5.3.2.1. Electrospinning ...................... 104
5.3.2.2. Electrophoretic Deposition ........... 105
5.3.3. Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) and Related
Synthesis Techniques .......................... 106
5.4. Contacting the Outer World: Nanowires and
Nanotubes as Building Blocks in Nano/Micro/Macro-
Integration .......................................... 110
5.4.1. Nanowire and Nanotube Sensors ................. 111
5.4.2. Piezoelectrics Based on Nanowire Arrays ....... 118
5.4.3. With Nanowires and Nanotubes to
Macroelectronics .............................. 120
5.4.3.1. Inorganic Nanowire and Nanotube
Transistors .......................... 120
5.4.3.2. Branched Nanowire Structures ......... 229
5.5. Outlook .............................................. 132
References ........................................... 132
6. Biomolecule-Nanoparticle Hybrid Systems ................... 139
Maya Zayats and Itamar Willner
6.1. Introduction ......................................... 139
6.2. Metal Nanoparticles for Electrical Contacting of
Redox Proteins ....................................... 140
6.3. Metal Nanoparticles as Electrochemical and
Catalytic Labels ..................................... 141
6.4. Metal Nanoparticles as Microgravimetric Labels ....... 149
6.5. Semiconductor Nanoparticles as Electrochemical
Labels for Biorecognition Events ..................... 153
6.6. Metal Nanoparticles as Optical Labels for
Biorecognition Events ................................ 155
6.7. Semiconductor Nanoparticles as Optical Labels ........ 172
6.8. Semiconductor Nanoparticles for
Photoelectrochemical Applications .................... 179
6.9. Biomolecules as Catalysts for the Synthesis of
Nanoparticles ........................................ 188
6.10.Biomolecule Growth of Metal Nanowires ................ 196
6.11.Conclusions and Perspectives ......................... 205
References ................................................ 208
7. Philosophy of Nanotechnoscience ........................... 217
Alfred Nordmann
7.1. Introduction: Philosophy of Science and of
Technoscience ........................................ 217
7.2. From "Closed Theories" to Limits of Understanding
and Control .......................................... 219
7.2.1. Closed Relative to the Nanoscale .............. 219
7.2.2. Applying Theory to the Nanoscale: Fitting
Versus Stretching ............................. 221
7.2.3. Mute Complexity ............................... 224
7.3. From Successful Methods to the Power of Images ....... 226
7.3.1. (Techno)scientific Methodology:
Quantitative Versus Qualitative ............... 226
7.3.2. "Ontological Indifference": Representation
Versus Substitution ........................... 227
7.3.3. Images as the Beginning and End of
Nanotechnologies .............................. 229
7.4. From Definitions to Visions .......................... 231
7.4.1. Wieldy and Unwieldy Conceptions ............... 231
7.4.2. Unlimited Potential ........................... 231
7.4.3. A Formidable Challenge ........................ 233
7.5. From Epistemic Certainty to Systemic Robustness ...... 236
7.5.1. What Do Nanoscientists Know? .................. 236
7.5.2. The Knowledge Society ......................... 236
7.5.3. Social Robustness ............................. 237
7.6. What Basic Science Does Nanotechnology Need? ......... 238
References ........................................... 241
8. Ethics of Nanotechnology. State of the Art and
Challenges Ahead .......................................... 245
Armin Grunwald
8.1. Introduction and Overview ............................ 245
8.2. The Understanding of Ethics .......................... 246
8.3. Ethical Aspects of Nanotechnology - an Overview ...... 248
8.3.1. Equity: Just Distribution of Opportunities
and Risks ..................................... 249
8.3.2. Environmental Issues .......................... 250
8.3.3. Privacy and Control ........................... 253
8.3.4. Military Use of Nanotechnology ................ 254
8.3.5. Health ........................................ 255
8.3.6. Artificial Life ............................... 257
8.3.7. Human Enhancement ............................. 258
8.4. Nanoparticles and the Precautionary Principle ........ 260
8.4.1. The Risk Debate on Nanoparticles .............. 260
8.4.2. The Precautionary Principle ................... 261
8.4.3. The Precautionary Principle Applied to
Nanoparticles ................................. 264
8.5. Human Enhancement by Converging Technologies ......... 267
8.5.1. Human Enhancement: Visions and
Expectations .................................. 268
8.5.2. Occasions of Choice and Need for
Orientation ................................... 270
8.5.3. Human Enhancement - No Simple Answers
from Ethics ................................... 270
8.5.4. Enhancement Technologies - A Marketplace
Scenario Ahead? ............................... 273
8.6. Conceptual and Methodical Challenges ................. 275
8.6.1. Ethical Assessments of Uncertain Futures ...... 275
8.6.2. Ethical Vision Assessment ..................... 277
8.6.3. Ethical Reflection in Technology Foresight .... 279
8.6.4. Concomitant Ethical Reflection on
Nanotechnology ................................ 280
References ........................................... 282
9. Outlook and Consequences .................................. 287
Gunter Schmid References ..................................... 288
Index ........................................................ 289
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