Hyne N. Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling and production. - 2nd ed. - Tulsa: Penn Well Corp., 2001. - xiv, 598 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-0-87814-823-3  Место хранения:   042 | Институт химии нефти СО РАН | Томск

Оглавление / Contents

List of Figures ............................................... xiv List of Plates ............................................... xxix Preface ...................................................... xxxi Introduction ............................................... xxxiii Chapter 1 The Nature of Gas and Oil ............................. 1 Petroleum ....................................................... 1 Chemical Composition ............................................ 1 Crude Oil ....................................................... 2 Natural Gas ..................................................... 8 Reservoir Hydrocarbons ......................................... 13 Chapter 2 The Earth's Crust - Where We Find It ................. 15 Rocks and Minerals ............................................. 15 Types of Rocks ................................................. 16 Structure of the Earth's Crust ................................. 22 Chapter 3 Identification of Common Rocks and Minerals .......... 27 Identification of Minerals ..................................... 27 Minerals ....................................................... 29 Identification of Rocks ........................................ 31 Rocks .......................................................... 31 Chapter 4 Geological Time ...................................... 35 Radioactive Age Dating ........................................ 35 Relative Age Dating ........................................... 38 The Geological Time Scale ..................................... 45 Earth History ................................................. 45 Chapter 5 Deformation of Sedimentary Rocks .................... 49 Weathering, Erosion, and Unconformities ........................ 49 Anticlines and Synclines ....................................... 55 Domes .......................................................... 57 Homoclines ..................................................... 60 Fractures ...................................................... 60 Chapter 5 Sandstone Reservoir Rocks ........................... 73 Dune Sandstones ............................................... 73 Shoreline Sandstones .......................................... 75 River Sandstones .............................................. 78 Delta Sandstones .............................................. 83 Chapter 7 Carbonate Reservoir Rocks ............................ 91 Reefs ......................................................... 91 Limestone Platforms ........................................... 97 Karst Limestone .............................................. 100 Chalk ........................................................ 102 Dolomite ..................................................... 102 Chapter 8 Sedimentary Rock Distribution ...................... 107 Basin Formation .............................................. 107 Sedimentary Rock Facies ...................................... 112 Subsurface Rock Layers ....................................... 114 Chapter 9 Mapping ............................................ 119 Topographic Maps ............................................. 119 Geologic Maps ................................................ 121 Base Maps .................................................... 124 Subsurface Maps .............................................. 124 Chapter 10 Ocean Environment and Plate Tectonics .............. 129 Ocean Topography ............................................. 129 Ocean Sediments .............................................. 136 Earth's Interior ............................................. 136 Continental Drift ............................................ 137 Seafloor Spreading ........................................... 137 Plate Tectonics .............................................. 142 Failed Arm Basins ............................................ 144 Middle East Oil Fields ....................................... 147 Chapter 11 Source Rocks, Generation, Migration, and Accumulation of Petroleum ...................... 149 Source Rocks ................................................. 149 Generation ................................................... 150 Migration .................................................... 152 Accumulation ................................................. 153 Age .......................................................... 156 Reservoir Rocks .............................................. 156 Saturation ................................................... 163 Oil Shales ................................................... 164 Tar Sands .................................................... 165 Chapter 12 Petroleum Traps .................................... 167 Description .................................................. 167 Structural Traps ............................................. 169 Stratigraphic Traps .......................................... 181 Combination Traps ............................................ 186 Chapter 13 Petroleum Exploration—Geological and Geochemical ....................................... 195 Seeps ........................................................ 195 Geological Techniques ........................................ 198 Geochemical Techniques ....................................... 206 Plays and Trends ............................................. 207 Chapter 14 Petroleum Exploration—Geophysical .................. 209 Gravity and Magnetic Exploration ............................. 209 Seismic Exploration .......................................... 213 Chapter 15 Drilling Preliminaries ............................. 233 Land and Leasing ............................................. 233 Foreign Contracts ............................................ 235 Authority for Expenditure .................................... 236 Drilling Contracts ........................................... 237 Joint Operating Agreements and Support Agreements ............ 238 Site Preparation ............................................. 239 Types of Wells ............................................... 241 Government Regulations ....................................... 242 Cable Tool Rigs .............................................. 243 Chapter 16 Drilling a Well—the Mechanics ...................... 247 Power ........................................................ 247 Hoisting System .............................................. 250 Rotating System .............................................. 252 Circulating System ........................................... 262 Drilling Operations .......................................... 270 Chapter 17 Drilling Problems .................................. 273 Risk ......................................................... 273 Subsurface Conditions ........................................ 273 Problems while Drilling ...................................... 275 Chapter 18 Drilling Techniques ................................ 285 Straight Hole ................................................ 285 Directional Drilling ......................................... 285 Air and Foam Drilling ........................................ 295 Chapter 19 Testing a Well ..................................... 297 Sample or Lithologic Log ..................................... 297 Drilling Time Log ............................................ 301 Mud Log ...................................................... 302 Wireline Well Logs ........................................... 303 Measurements and Logging-While-Drilling ...................... 328 Drillstem Test ............................................... 330 Repeat Formation Tester ...................................... 332 Chapter 20 Completing a Well .................................. 333 Casing ....................................................... 343 Bottomhole Completions ....................................... 342 Tubing ....................................................... 345 Wellhead ..................................................... 347 Chokes ....................................................... 348 Surface Equipment ............................................ 348 Multiple Completions ......................................... 358 Intelligent Wells ............................................ 360 Chapter 21 Surface Treatment and Storage ...................... 361 Flowlines .................................................... 361 Separators ................................................... 363 Gas Treatment ................................................ 368 Storage and Measurement ...................................... 370 Chapter 22 Offshore Drilling and Production ................... 375 Preliminaries ................................................ 375 Top Drive .................................................... 377 Offshore Crews ............................................... 378 Exploratory Drilling ......................................... 378 Spudding an Offshore Exploratory Well ........................ 383 Developmental Drilling and Production ........................ 385 Subsea Work .................................................. 389 Subsea Completions and Wells ................................. 390 Unstable Sea Bed ............................................. 391 Chapter 23 Workover ........................................... 393 Equipment .................................................... 393 Well Intervention on Offshore Wells .......................... 396 Preparing the Well ........................................... 398 Well Problems ................................................ 398 Chapter 24 Reservoir Mechanics ................................ 405 Reservoir Drives ............................................. 405 Maximum Efficient Rate ....................................... 412 Chapter 25 Petroleum Production ............................... 413 Well and Reservoir Pressures ................................. 413 Well Testing ................................................. 414 Cased-Hole Logs .............................................. 416 Production Logs .............................................. 417 Decline Curves ............................................... 418 Bypassing and Coning ......................................... 420 Cycling ...................................................... 421 Well Stimulation ............................................. 422 Oilfield Brine and Solution Gas Disposal ..................... 426 Surface Subsidence ........................................... 427 Corrosion .................................................... 429 Production Maps .............................................. 429 Stranded Gas ................................................. 430 Chapter 26 Reserves ........................................... 431 Recovery Factor Shrinkage Factor and Formation ............... 431 Volume Factor ................................................ 431 Reserves Calculations ........................................ 434 Types of Reserves ............................................ 438 Chapter 27 Improved Oil Recovery ............................. 439 Waterflood ................................................... 439 Enhanced Oil Recovery ........................................ 443 Efficiency ................................................... 448 Unitization .................................................. 448 Plug and Abandon ............................................. 448 Glossary ..................................................... 451 Figure References ............................................ 551 Unit Conversions ............................................. 557 Oil and Gas Records .......................................... 559 Index ......................................................... 563