INVITED PAPERS
Symbols and Abbreviations ...................................... XI
1. The Essence of Pulsed Power .................................. 1
2. Static and Dynamic Breakdown Strength
of Dielectric Materials ...................................... 7
2.1. Introduction ............................................ 7
2.2. Gases ................................................... 8
2.2.1. Static Breakdown ................................. 8
2.2.2. Pulsed Breakdown ................................ 17
2.2.3. Spark Formation ................................. 23
2.3. Liquids ................................................ 27
2.3.1. Basic Electrical Processes ...................... 27
2.3.2. Streamer Breakdown .............................. 34
2.3.3. Practical Considerations ........................ 38
2.4. Solids ................................................. 41
2.4.1. General Observations ............................ 41
2.4.2. Charge Transport, Injection, and Breakdown ...... 45
2.5. Statistical Interpretation
of Breakdown Strength Measurements ..................... 50
3. Energy Storage .............................................. 55
3.1. Pulse Discharge Capacitors ............................. 55
3.2. Marx Generators ........................................ 63
3.2.1. Classical Marx Generators ....................... 63
3.2.2. LC Marx Generator ............................... 69
3.2.3. Basic Pulsed-Power Energy Transfer Stage ........ 70
3.3. Inductive Energy Storage ............................... 73
3.3.1. Power and Voltage Multiplication ................ 74
3.4. Rotors and Homopolar Generators ........................ 76
4. Switches .................................................... 83
4.1. Closing Switches ....................................... 83
4.1.1. Gas Switches .................................... 83
4.1.2. Semiconductor Closing Switches ................. 104
4.1.3. Magnetic Switches .............................. 116
4.1.4. Summary ........................................ 119
4.2. Opening Switches ...................................... 119
4.2.1. Fuses .......................................... 120
4.2.2. Mechanical Interrupters ........................ 121
4.2.3. Superconducting Opening Switches ............... 123
4.2.4. Plasma Opening Switches ........................ 123
4.2.5. Plasma Flow Switches ........................... 127
4.2.6. Semiconductor Opening Switches (SOSs) .......... 127
5. Pulse-Forming Networks ..................................... 135
5.1. Transmission Lines .................................... 135
5.1.1. Terminations and Junctions ..................... 138
5.1.2. Transmission Lines with Losses ................. 140
5.1.3. The Finite Transmission Line as a
Circuit Element ................................ 142
5.1.4. Production of Pulses
with Lossless Transmission Lines ............... 144
5.2. RLC Networks .......................................... 145
5.3. Circuit Simulation with LEITER ........................ 152
6. Pulse Transmission and Transformation ...................... 157
6.1. Self-Magnetic Insulation in Vacuum Lines .............. 157
6.1.1. Vacuum Breakdown on Metallic Surfaces .......... 159
6.1.2. Qualitative Description of Self-Magnetic
Insulation ..................................... 161
6.1.3. Quantitative Description
of Self-Magnetic Insulation .................... 163
6.2. Pulse Transformers .................................... 179
6.3. High-Voltage Power Supplies ........................... 184
6.3.1. Capacitor-Charging Techniques .................. 184
6.3.2. Cascade Circuits ............................... 188
6.4. Transformation Lines .................................. 188
7. Power and Voltage Adding ................................... 193
7.1. Adding of Power ....................................... 193
7.2. Voltage Adding ........................................ 193
7.2.1. Voltage Adding by Transit-Time Isolation ....... 193
7.2.2. Voltage Adding by Inductive Isolation .......... 195
7.2.3. Blumlein Generators ............................ 197
7.2.4. Cumulative Pulse Lines ......................... 198
8. Examples of Pulsed-Power Generators ........................ 203
8.1. Single-Pulse Generators ............................... 203
8.1.1. KALIF .......................................... 203
8.1.2. PBFA 2 and the Z-Machine ....................... 204
8.1.3. HERMES III ..................................... 207
8.2. Repetitive Generators ................................. 208
8.2.1. RHEPP .......................................... 208
8.2.2. Generators with Opening Switches ............... 209
9. Diagnostics ................................................ 211
9.1. Electromagnetic-Field Sensors ......................... 211
9.1.1. Capacitive Sensors ............................. 212
9.1.2. Inductive Sensors .............................. 214
9.2. Current-Viewing Resistors (CVRs) ...................... 218
9.3. Current Measurements Based on the Faraday Effect ...... 220
9.4. Electric-Field Measurements Based on
Electro-Optic Effects ................................. 222
9.5. Magnetic Ion Energy Analysers ......................... 223
9.6. Vacuum Voltage Monitors ............................... 224
10.Applications of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields .............. 227
10.1.Pulsed Electric Fields ................................ 227
10.1.1.Introduction ................................... 227
10.1.2.Pulse Generation ............................... 232
10.1.3.Treatment of Plant Cells ....................... 232
10.1.4.Bacterial Decontamination ...................... 236
10.1.5.Further Applications of PEF Treatment .......... 237
10.2 Pulsed Magnetic Fields ................................ 238
10.2.1.Introduction ................................... 238
10.2.2.Field Limitations for Non-Destructive
Coil Operation ................................. 240
10.2.3.Field Limitations for Destructive (Coil)
Operation: Single-Turn Solenoid ................ 246
10.2.4.Flux Compression ............................... 248
11.Intense Radiation Sources .................................. 257
11.1.High-Power Pulsed Electron Beams ...................... 257
11.1.1.Beam-Generated Forces and Transport Limits .... 257
11.1.2.High-Current Electron Sources .................. 258
11.1.3.Pulsed Electron Diodes ......................... 259
11.1.4.Surface Modification of Materials .............. 260
11.1.5.High-Power KrF Lasers .......................... 265
11.1.6.Flash X-Ray Radiography ........................ 267
11.2 High-Power Ion Beams .................................. 270
11.2.1.Accelerator Physics ............................ 271
11.2.2.Beam Transport ................................. 277
12.Pulsed Discharges Through Solid and Liquid Dielectrics .... 279
12.1.Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy ................. 279
12.2.Electroimpulse Destruction of Solid Dielectric
Materials ............................................. 281
12.2.1.General Phenomena and Energy Balance ........... 281
12.2.2.Selectivity of Destruction ..................... 286
12.2.3.The Fragmentation Device ....................... 288
12.3.Industrial Applications ............................... 292
12.3.1.Recycling of Building Materials ................ 292
12.3.2.Treatment of Incineration Ash .................. 295
12.3.3.Removal of Surface Layers and Drilling ......... 297
12.3.4.Recycling of Other Products .................... 299
12.3.5.Recycling of Elastoplastic Materials ........... 301
12.3.6.Scaling and Economic Considerations
in Relation to Recycling ....................... 307
Index ...................................................... 323
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