About the Editors .............................................. xi
Contributing Authors ......................................... xiii
Acknowledgments ................................................ xv
Preface ...................................................... xvii
1. Introduction to Applied Coal Petrology
1.1. Fundamental Concepts .................................. 1
1.2. Coal Resources, Mining, and Utilization ............... 2
1.2.1. Coal Resources and Production ................. 3
1.2.2. Coal Mining and Utilization ................... 5
1.3. Environmental Issues and Options ...................... 7
1.3.1. Impacts Associated with Coal Mining ........... 7
1.3.2. Impacts of Coal Combustion .................... 8
1.3.3. Amelioration of Combustion Impacts ............ 9
1.4. The Role of Applied Coal Petrology ................... 10
2. Basic Factors Controlling Coal Quality and Technological
Behavior of Coal ........................................... 19
2.1. Introduction ......................................... 19
2.2. Coal Composition: Organic Components ................. 19
2.2.1. Organic Petrography: Macerals and
Microlithotypes .............................. 20
2.2.2. Elemental Composition of Coal Macerals ....... 31
2.2.3. Organic Geochemistry ......................... 34
2.3. Coal Composition: Inorganic Components ............... 36
2.3.1. Minerals and Mineral Matter .................. 36
2.3.2. Nonmineral Inorganic Components .............. 42
2.3.3. Trace Elements in Coal ....................... 44
2.4. Coal Metamorphism: Rank Determination ................ 46
2.4.1. Bulk Chemical Measurements of Rank ........... 49
2.4.2. Vitrinite Reflectance ........................ 52
2.4.3. Fluorescence ................................. 54
2.5. Coal Classification .................................. 55
2.6. Coal Blends .......................................... 58
3. Mining and Beneficiation
3.1. Introduction ......................................... 61
3.2. Coal Strength ........................................ 62
3.3. Coal Permeability, Premining Gas Drainage,
and Outbursts ........................................ 64
3.4. Self-Heating and Spontaneous Combustion .............. 66
3.5. Breakage During Mining ............................... 67
3.6. Breakage During Preparation .......................... 70
3.6.1. Measurement of Coal Breakage Properties ...... 71
3.6.2. Grindability ................................. 73
3.7. Maceral and Mineral Partitioning During
Beneficiation ........................................ 76
3.7.1. Maceral Partitioning During Beneficiation .... 77
3.7.2. Mineral and Trace Element Partitioning ....... 78
3.7.3. Froth Flotation/Column Flotation of Fine
Particles .................................... 80
3.7.4. Oil Agglomeration ............................ 81
3.7.5. Magnetic Separation .......................... 82
3.7.6. Triboelectrostatic Separation ................ 83
4. Coal Combustion
4.1. Introduction ......................................... 85
4.2. Combustion Processes and Technology .................. 86
4.3. Coal Behavior in Pulverization ....................... 88
4.4. Combustion Properties of Coal ........................ 91
4.4.1. Coal Characteristics for Combustion: Basic
Combustion/Maceral Relationships ............. 92
4.4.2. Mineral Matter Behavior During Combustion .... 94
4.4.3. Fate of Trace Elements in Combustion and
Ash Formation ............................... 103
4.4.4. Emissions (Particulates < 10 μm, Fly Ash,
Dioxins, NOx, C02, S02) ...................... 105
4.5. Fly Ash ............................................. 112
4.5.1. Carbon in Fly Ash ........................... 113
4.5.2. Glass and Minerals in Fly Ash ............... 116
5. Coal Gasification
5.1. Introduction ........................................ 119
5.2. Processes and Methods for Coal Gasification ......... 119
5.2.1 Various Types of Gasifiers and
Gasification Processes ....................... 120
5.3. Main Characteristics and Properties of Coals
for Gasification .................................... 126
5.3.1. Coal Characterization and Behavior During
Gasification (Primarily the Organic
Component) .................................. 127
5.3.2. Mineral Characterization and Behavior
During Gasification ......................... 133
5.3.3. Fate of Trace Elements During
Gasification ................................ 138
5.4. Characterization of Gasification Residues ........... 139
5.5. Advanced Gasification (Polygeneration,
Cogasification) ..................................... 141
5.5.1. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
(IGCC) ...................................... 142
5.5.2. Hydrogen Production via Cogasification ...... 142
5.5.3. Air-Blown Gasification Cycle (ABGC) ......... 143
5.5.4. Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) ......... 143
5.5.5. Biomass Gasification ........................ 143
5.5.6. Plasma Gasification ......................... 144
6. Direct Coal Liquefaction
6.1. Introduction ........................................ 145
6.2. Process and Methods for Coal Liquefaction ........... 145
6.3. Main Characteristics and Properties of Coals
for Liquefaction .................................... 147
6.3.1. Influence of Coal Petrologic Composition .... 150
6.3.2. Solid Liquefaction Residues ................. 152
6.4. Fate of Vitrinite Group Macerals .................... 155
6.5. Fate of Liptinite Group Macerals .................... 158
6.6. Fate of Inertinite Group Macerals ................... 159
6.7. Fate of Mineral Matter .............................. 160
6.8. Reactor Solids ...................................... 161
6.9. Applied Petrology ................................... 163
7. Coal Carbonization
7.1. Introduction ........................................ 173
7.2. The Coal-to-Coke Transformation ..................... 173
7.3. Coke Petrology Classification ....................... 176
7.4. Coke Strength Prediction ............................ 180
7.5. Quinoline Insolubles ................................ 186
7.6. Petroleum Coke ...................................... 188
7.7. Weathering .......................................... 190
8. Coal-Derived Carbon Materials
8.1. Introduction ........................................ 193
8.2. Raw Materials and Precursors of Carbon Materials .... 194
8.3. Optical Microscopy Approach to the
Characterization of Coal-Derived Carbon
Materials ........................................... 197
8.3.1. Petrographic Characteristics................. 198
8.3.2. Quantitative Determinations ................. 205
8.4. Carbon-Based Materials from Coal .................... 210
8.4.1. Carbon Fibers and Carbon-Carbon
Composites .................................. 210
8.4.2. Graphites ................................... 215
8.4.3. Activated Carbons ........................... 218
8.4.4. Carbon Foams ................................ 222
8.5. Carbon-Based Materials from Precursors Other
Than Coal ........................................... 224
9. Coal as a Petroleum Source Rock and Reservoir Rock
9.1. Introduction ........................................ 227
9.2. Coal as a Petroleum Source Rock ..................... 228
9.2.1. Kerogen and Macerals ........................ 228
9.2.2. Hydrocarbon Generation ...................... 232
9.2.3. Coal-Bearing Petroleum Systems .............. 238
9.3. Coal as a Petroleum Reservoir Rock .................. 242
9.3.1. Adsorption and Gas Capacity ................. 243
9.3.2. Gas Content ................................. 246
9.3.3. Porosity and Permeability ................... 248
9.3.4. Reservoir Pressure .......................... 253
9.3.5. Reservoir Temperature and Gas-Phase
Relationships ............................... 257
9.3.6. Formation Water Chemistry and
Basin Hydrology ............................. 260
10. Environmental and Health Impacts
10.1. Introduction ........................................ 263
10.2. In-Ground Coal Environmental and Health Issues ...... 265
10.3. Coal Processing and Mining .......................... 266
10.3.1. Miners' Health .............................. 267
10.3.2. Water Quality: Acidic Drainage .............. 268
10.3.3. Water Quality: Other Issues ................. 270
10.3.4. Mine Fires (Spontaneous Combustion) ......... 270
10.4. Coal Use: Emissions ................................. 272
10.4.1. Sulfur Oxides ............................... 273
10.4.2. Nitrogen Oxides ............................. 274
10.4.3. Particulate Matter .......................... 275
10.4.4. Trace Elements .............................. 275
10.4.5. Carbon Dioxide .............................. 282
10.5. Coal Combustion Byproducts .......................... 283
10.6. Radionuclides and Radioactivity ..................... 285
10.7. Final Comments ...................................... 285
11. Other Applications of Coal Petrology
11.1. Introduction ........................................ 289
11.2. Archaeology ......................................... 289
11.3. Environmental Recovery Studies ...................... 295
11.4. Spontaneous Combustion .............................. 296
11.5. Forensic Geology .................................... 298
11.6. Automobile Brakes ................................... 299
Bibliography .................................................. 203
Index ......................................................... 381
|
