Preface ......................................................... v
Contributors ................................................. xiii
Chapter 1. Development of High-Severity FCC Process: An Overview
Y. Fujiyama, M.H. Al-Tayyar, C.F. Dean, A. Aitani
and H.H. Redhwi
Abstract ......................................................... 1
1. Introduction ................................................. 2
2. Features of HS-FCC ........................................... 2
3. Experimental ................................................. 3
4. Results ...................................................... 7
5. Concluding Remarks .......................................... 11
Acknowledgments ................................................. 12
References ...................................................... 12
Chapter 2. Discrepancies in FCC Catalyst Evaluation of Atmospheric
Residues
Sven-Ingvar Andersson and Trond Myrstad
Abstract ........................................................ 13
1. Introduction ................................................ 13
2. Experimental ................................................ 15
3. Results and discussion ...................................... 17
4. Conclusions ................................................. 28
References ...................................................... 28
Chapter 3. Exploring FCC Flexibility to Produce Mid-distillates
and Petrochemicals
William R. Gilbert, Claudia A. Baptista and
Andrea R. Pinho
Abstract ........................................................ 31
1. Introduction ................................................ 31
2. Experimental ................................................ 33
3. Results and discussion ...................................... 35
4. Conclusions ................................................. 38
References ...................................................... 39
Chapter 4. Increasing LCO Yield and Quality in the FCC: Cracking
Pathways Analysis
Avelino Corma and Laurent Sauvanaud
Abstract ........................................................ 41
1. Introduction ................................................ 41
2. Experience in gas oil cracking .............................. 43
3. Cracking of long-chain paraffins ............................ 44
4. Cracking of one-ring naphthenes and aromatics ............... 47
5. Cracking of molecules with two fused rings .................. 49
6. Cracking of molecules containing three or more fused
rings ....................................................... 51
7. Conclusions ................................................. 53
Acknowledgment .................................................. 53
References ...................................................... 53
Chapter 5. Catalyst CGP-1 for MIP-CGP Process to Increase Cleaner
Gasoline and Propylene Production
Long Jun, Lin Wei, Qiu Zhonghong, Tian Huiping and
Zhu Yuxia
Abstract ........................................................ 55
1. Introduction ................................................ 55
2. Experimental ................................................ 57
3. Results and discussion ...................................... 58
4. Summary ..................................................... 66
Acknowledgment .................................................. 66
References ...................................................... 66
Chapter 6. CO Combustion Promoters: Past and Present
Arthur W. Chester
Abstract ........................................................ 67
1. Introduction ................................................ 68
2. Background .................................................. 68
3. Early development of CO combustion promoters ................ 69
4. Activities of other metals .................................. 70
5. Early commercialization of promoted catalysts ............... 72
6. Subsequent developments ..................................... 74
7. Conclusions ................................................. 76
References ...................................................... 76
Chapter 7. FCC Regenerator Simulation by Lambda Sweep Testing
David M. Stockwell
Abstract ........................................................ 79
1. Introduction ................................................ 80
2. Theoretical development ..................................... 81
3. Experimental methods ........................................ 83
4. Results ..................................................... 87
5. Discussion .................................................. 97
6. Conclusion ................................................. 101
Note added in proof ............................................ 101
References ..................................................... 101
Chapter 8. Toward a New Generation of NOx Additives
David M. Stockwell
Abstract ....................................................... 103
1. Introduction ............................................... 104
2. Catalytic approaches for 20ppm NOx ......................... 105
3. Experimental methods ....................................... 107
4. Results .................................................... 109
5. Discussion ................................................. 119
6. Conclusions ................................................ 122
References .................................................... 123
Chapter 9. Simulation of FCC Equilibrium Catalyst Age Distribution
by Using a Deactivation Model
Luis O. Almanza
Abstract ....................................................... 125
1. Introduction ............................................... 125
2. Experimental ............................................... 126
3. Results and discussion ..................................... 130
4. Conclusions ................................................ 135
Acknowledgments ............................................... 135
References .................................................... 135
Chapter 10. Intra-particle Mass Transfer and Contact Time Effects
in Fluidized Catalytic Cracking
David M. Stockwell
Abstract ....................................................... 137
Introduction ................................................... 137
Theoretical development ........................................ 138
3. Results .................................................... 141
4. Discussion ................................................. 143
5. Conclusions ................................................ 145
Nomenclature ................................................... 145
References ..................................................... 146
Chapter 11. Equilibrium FCC Catalyst Performance Simulation based
on Mixtures of Hydrothermal Deactivated Samples
Luis Antonio S. Casali, Sonia D.F. Rocha,
Maria Laura A. Passos, Raquel Bastiani, Ricardo D.M.
Pimenta and Henrique S. Cerqueira
Abstract ....................................................... 147
1. Introduction ............................................... 147
2. Material and methods ....................................... 150
3. Results and discussion ..................................... 156
Conclusions ................................................... 160
References .................................................... 161
Chapter 12. NMR Studies of FCC Feeds, Catalysts and Coke
Babita Behera. Siddharth S. Ray and I.D. Singh
Abstract ....................................................... 163
1. Introduction ............................................... 164
2. Experimental ............................................... 170
3. Results and discussion ..................................... 175
4. Conclusions ................................................ 195
Acknowledgment ................................................. 197
References ..................................................... 197
Chapter 13. Studies of Iron Effects on FCC Catalysts
Zhu Yuxia, Du Quangsheng, Lin Wei, Tang Liwen
and Long Jun
Abstract ....................................................... 201
1. Introduction ............................................... 201
2. Experimental ............................................... 202
3. Results and discussion ..................................... 204
4. Conclusion ................................................. 211
Acknowledgment ................................................. 211
References ..................................................... 212
Chapter 14. Catalytic Cracking to Liquids (BTL) Fuels with Novel
Cracking Catalysts
A.A. Lappas, M.Papapetrou and I.A. Vasalos
Abstract ....................................................... 213
1. Introduction ............................................... 213
2. Experimental ............................................... 214
3. Results and discussion ..................................... 216
4. Conclusions ................................................ 225
Acknowledgments ............................................... 225
References .................................................... 225
Chapter 15. Catalytic Cracking: The Future of an Evolving Process
Paul O'Connor
Abstract ....................................................... 227
Introduction: FCC a historical perspective ..................... 227
The future of FCC and the possible end of a mature process ..... 229
Drivers for innovation: challenges and opportunities ........... 233
Advanced fuels and petrochemicals .............................. 234
Very heavy resid conversion .................................... 238
Unconventional new feedstocks: tarsands and biomass ............ 244
Back to the future: science fiction or future science .......... 249
Concluding remarks ............................................. 250
References ..................................................... 250
Chapter 16. Principles of the SOx Reduction Technology in Fluid
Catalytic Cracking Units (FCCUs)
Louis M. Magnabosco
Abstract ....................................................... 254
1. Introduction ............................................... 255
2. Fundamentals ............................................... 256
3. Development approach ....................................... 257
4. Experimental techniques for activity and stability
determination .............................................. 258
5. Analytical methods and material characterization ........... 260
6. Development and basis of Arco's SOv reduction
technology ................................................. 262
7. Industrial competition ..................................... 263
8. Importance of proper activity/stability testing ............ 265
9. Discussion of published results ............................ 266
10. Progress in SOv agents performance ......................... 268
11. Summary and conclusions .................................... 268
Acknowledgment ................................................. 270
I. Appendix ................................................... 270
II. Appendix ................................................... 278
III.Appendix ................................................... 284
IV. Appendix ................................................... 288
V. Appendix ................................................... 293
VI. Appendix ................................................... 298
VII.Appendix ................................................... 300
References ..................................................... 303
Chapter 17. Evaluation of Commercial SOx Agent Effectiveness via
Fundamental Mathematical Model
Louis M. Magnabosco and Ozie S. Owen
Abstract ....................................................... 307
1. Introduction ............................................... 307
2. Mathematical model ......................................... 308
3. Simulations of commercial tests - HRD series ............... 310
4. Simulations of more recent SOv products .................... 312
5. Model parameters, agent efficiency ......................... 315
6. Standard measure of efficiency vs. realitic measure of
efficiency ................................................. 316
Acknowledgment ................................................. 318
References .................................................... 319
Subject Index ................................................. 321
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