Preface to Second Edition Authors
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Interfacial Tension .................. 1
1. Introduction to Interfacial Phenomena ....................... 1
2. Interfacial Tension: Qualitative Considerations ............. 3
3. Interfacial Tension: Thermodynamic Approach ................. 6
Example 1.1 Vapor Pressure of a Drop ..................... 13
Solution ................................................. 13
4. Interfacial Tension: Mechanical Approach ................... 14
Example 1.2 Locating the Dividing Surface ................ 17
Solution ................................................. 18
5. Density and Concentration Profiles ......................... 19
6. Equilibrium Shapes of Fluid Interfaces ..................... 22
Example 1.3 Dimensions of a Sessile Drop ................. 25
Solution ................................................. 25
Example 1.4 Shape of a Soap Film between Parallel
Rings .................................................. 27
Solution ................................................. 28
7. Methods of Measuring Interfacial Tension ................... 29
Example 1.5 Capillary Rise in Air-Water and Oil-Water
Systems ................................................ 36
Solution ................................................. 36
8. Surface Tension of Binary Mixtures ......................... 36
Example 1.6 Surface Tension of Ideal Binary Solutions .... 39
Solution 40
Example 1.7 Surface Tension of Regular Solutions
(Defay et al., 1966) ................................... 40
Solution ................................................. 40
9. Surfactants ................................................ 40
10. Solid-Fluid Interfaces ..................................... 42
References ..................................................... 46
General Texts on Interfacial Phenomena ................... 46
Text References .......................................... 46
Problems ....................................................... 48
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Wetting, Contact Angle, and
Adsorption .......................................... 61
1. Introduction ............................................... 61
2. Young's Equation ........................................... 61
3. Work of Adhesion and Work of Cohesion ...................... 65
4. Phenomenological Theories of Equilibrium Contact Angles .... 68
5. Acid-Base Interaction ...................................... 74
6. Contact Angle Hysteresis ................................... 77
6.1 Impurities on the Surface ........................... 78
6.2 Effect of Adsorption ................................. 80
6.3 Surface Roughness .................................... 82
7. Adsorption ................................................. 85
7.1 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm ......................... 87
7.2 The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Isotherm .................. 87
8. Density Profiles in Liquid Films on Solids ................. 90
9. Characterizing Solid Surfaces .............................. 92
References ..................................................... 94
General References ....................................... 94
Text References .......................................... 94
Problems ....................................................... 98
Chapter 3 Colloidal Dispersions .............................. 109
1. Introduction .............................................. 109
2. Attractive Forces ......................................... 110
3. Electrical Interaction .................................... 118
4. Colloids of All Shapes and Sizes .......................... 128
5. Combined Attractive and Electrical Interaction: DLVO
Theory .................................................. 132
6. Effect of Polymer Molecules on the Stability of
Colloidal Dispersions ................................... 139
7. Kinetics of Coagulation ................................... 149
References .................................................... 156
General References ...................................... 156
Text References ......................................... 156
Problems ...................................................... 160
Chapter 4 Surfactants ........................................ 165
1. Introduction .............................................. 165
2. Micelle Formation ......................................... 166
Example 4.1 Estimation of Micelle Aggregation Number
and CMC ............................................... 176
Solution ................................................ 177
Example 4.2 CMC of Nonionics ............................ 178
Solution ................................................ 178
3. Variation of CMC for Pure Surfactants and Surfactant
Mixtures ................................................ 180
4. Other Phases Involving Surfactants ........................ 182
Example 4.3 Cylindrical Micelles ........................ 187
Solution ................................................ 187
5. Formation of Complexes between Surfactants and Polymers ... 191
6. Surface Films of Insoluble Substrates ..................... 197
7. Solubilization and Microemulsions ......................... 202
8. Phase Behavior and Interfacial Tension for
Oil-Water-Surfactant Systems ............................ 206
9. Effect of Composition Changes ............................. 210
Example 4.4 Effect of Composition and Temperature on
Optimal Salinity ...................................... 213
Solution ................................................ 213
10. Thermodynamics of Microemulsions .......................... 214
11. Applications of Surfactants: Emulsions .................... 218
12. Applications of Surfactants: Detergency ................... 223
13. Chemical Reactions in Micellar Solutions and
Microemulsions .......................................... 227
References .................................................... 230
General References on Surfactants and Their Behavior .... 230
Text References ......................................... 230
Problems ...................................................... 240
Chapter 5 Interfaces in Motion: Stability and Wave Motion .... 247
1. Background ................................................ 247
2. Linear Analysis of Interfacial Stability .................. 248
2.1 Differential Equations .............................. 248
2.2 Boundary Conditions ................................. 253
2.3 Stability Condition and Wave Motion for Superposed
Fluids ................................................ 257
Example 5.1 Characteristics of Wave Motion for
Free Interfaces ....................................... 262
Solution ................................................ 262
3. Damping of Capillary Wave Motion by Insoluble
Surfactants ............................................. 262
Example 5.2 Characteristics of Wave Motion for
Inextensible Interfaces ............................... 268
Solution ................................................ 268
4. Instability of Fluid Cylinders or Jets .................... 268
5. Oscillating Jet ........................................... 272
Example 5.3 Surface Tension of Oscillating Jets ......... 274
Solution ................................................ 274
6. Stability and Wave Motion of Thin Liquid Films: Foams
and Wettability ......................................... 274
Example 5.4 Stability of a Liquid Film .................. 285
Solution ................................................ 285
7. Energy and Force Methods for Thermodynamic Stability
of Interfaces ........................................... 286
Example 5.5 Energy Method for Stability of Superposed
Fluids ................................................ 288
Solution ................................................ 288
8. Interfacial Stability for Fluids in Motion:
Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability ............................ 289
Example 5.6 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability for Air-Water
System ................................................ 292
Solution ................................................ 292
Example 5.7 Peak Heat Flux .............................. 292
Solution ................................................ 294
9. Waves on a Falling Liquid Film ............................ 294
Example 5.8 Wave Motion on Falling Water Film ........... 298
Solution ................................................ 298
References .................................................... 298
General References on Interfacial Stability and
Wave Motion ........................................... 298
Text References ......................................... 299
Problems ...................................................... 301
Chapter 6 Transport Effects on Interfacial Phenomena ......... 307
1. Interfacial Tension Variation ............................. 307
2. Interfacial Species Mass Balance and Energy Balance ....... 307
3. Interfacial Instability for a Liquid Heated from Below
or Cooled from Above .................................... 310
Example 6.1 Conditions for Development of Marangoni
Instability ........................................... 319
Solution ................................................ 319
4. Interfacial Instability during Mass Transfer .............. 320
5. Other Phenomena Influenced by Marangoni Flow .............. 326
6. Nonequilibrium Interfacial Tensions ....................... 328
7. Effect of Surfactant Transport on Wave Motion ............. 335
8. Stability of Moving Interfaces with Phase
Transformation .......................................... 339
Example 6.2 Characteristics of Interfacial Instability
during Solidification ................................. 344
Solution ................................................ 345
9. Stability of Moving Interfaces with Chemical Reaction ..... 345
10. Intermediate Phase Formation .............................. 349
11. Transport-Related Spontaneous Emulsification .............. 355
12. Interfacial Mass Transfer Resistance ...................... 360
13. Other Interfacial Phenomena Involving Dispersed Phase
Formation ................................................. 366
References .................................................... 369
General References on Phenomena Involving Transport near
Interfaces .............................................. 369
Text References ........................................... 370
Problems ...................................................... 377
Chapter 7 Dynamic Interfaces ................................. 385
1. Introduction .............................................. 385
2. Surfaces .................................................. 386
Example 7.1 ............................................. 389
3. Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics ........................ 390
4. Flow Past a Droplet ....................................... 394
5. Asymptotic Analysis ....................................... 397
6. Dip Coating ............................................... 401
7. Spherical Drop Revisited .................................. 407
8. Surface Rheology .......................................... 410
9. Drainage of Thin Liquid Films ............................. 414
10. Dynamic Contact Lines .................................... 420
Example 7.2 ............................................ 423
11. Slip ..................................................... 423
12. Thin and Ultrathin Films ................................. 432
References .................................................... 434
General References ....................................... 434
Text References .......................................... 434
Problems ...................................................... 439
Chapter 8 Size, Shape, Structure, Diffusivity, and Mass
Transfer ........................................... 453
1. Introduction .............................................. 453
2. Probing with Light ........................................ 453
3. More Light ................................................ 463
4. Diffraction ............................................... 466
5. Diffusion ................................................. 473
6. Dynamic Light Scattering .................................. 477
7. NMR Self-Diffusion Coefficient ............................ 484
References .................................................... 491
General References ........................................ 491
Text References ........................................... 491
Problems ...................................................... 493
Index ......................................................... 495
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