Ecology of freshwater and estuarine wetlands / ed. by Batzer D.P., Sharitz R.R. - Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. - 568 p. - ISBN-10 0-520-24777-9; ISBN-13 9780520-24777-2  Место хранения:   067 | Лимнологический институт CO РАН | Иркутск

Оглавление / Contents

List of Contributors ....................................... xi Preface .................................................. xiii 1. Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: An Introduction ............................................. 1 What Is a Wetland? .......................................... 1 Why Are Wetlands Important? ................................. 3 Wetland Loss and Degradation ................................ 4 What This Book Covers ....................................... 5 2. Wetland Geomorphology, Soils, and Formative Processes ....... 7 Wetland Geomorphology and Wetland Soils ..................... 7 Specific Wetland Types: Formative Processes, Geomorphology, and Soils ................................. 28 Conclusions ................................................ 41 3. Wetland Hydrology .......................................... 43 Hillslope Hydrologic Processes ............................. 44 Geomorphic Controls on Wetland Hydrology ................... 65 Wetland Water Budgets ...................................... 71 Hydropattern ............................................... 72 Hydraulics and Water Quality ............................... 76 Effects of Land Use Changes on Wetland Hydrology ........... 78 4. Abiotic Constraints for Wetland Plants and Animals ......... 82 Hydrology .................................................. 82 Salinity .................................................. 105 5. Biogeochemistry and Bacterial Ecology of Hydrologically Dynamic Wetlands .......................................... 115 Chapter Themes ............................................ 116 A Primer on Wetland Bacteriology .......................... 119 The Hydrology of Temporary Wetlands ....................... 128 Biogeochemical Cycles in Temporary Wetlands ............... 133 Organic-matter Decay in Temporary Wetlands ................ 151 Nutrient Uptake and Release in Temporary Wetlands ......... 158 Integration and Synthesis: Biogeochemistry, Hydrology, and Sediments in Temporary Wetlands ..................... 168 Integration and Synthesis: Biogeochemistry, Hydrology, and Aquatic Plants in Temporary Wetlands ................ 173 6. Development of Wetland Plant Communities .................. 177 Importance of Hydrologic Conditions ....................... 178 Plant Community Development ............................... 180 Plant Distributions in Wetlands ........................... 188 Primary Productivity ...................................... 200 Limiting Nutrients in Wetlands ............................ 205 Characteristics of Selected Wetlands ...................... 209 7. Wetland Animal Ecology .................................... 242 Trophic Ecology ........................................... 244 Community Ecology ......................................... 257 Focal Wetland Animals ..................................... 270 8. Wetland Ecosystem Processes ............................... 285 Wetlands as Ecosystems .................................... 285 Generation and Retention of High Amounts of Organic Matter .................................................. 286 Fluxes of Organic Matter and Energy in Aquatic Ecosystems .............................................. 293 Attached Microbial Community Metabolism and Interactions ............................................ 295 Modulation of Macrophytes and Periphyton by Mortality and Losses: What Do They Mean to Higher Trophic Levels? ................................................. 308 Defensive Mechanisms and Allelochemical "Communication" Within Wetlands ......................................... 309 Potential Effects of Global Changes in Climate and Related Environmental Conditions on Ecosystem Processes ............................................... 311 9. United States Wetland Regulation and Policy ............... 313 Wetland Definitions ....................................... 314 Federal Jurisdiction of Wetlands .......................... 317 Wetland Delineation ....................................... 335 Wetland Functions and Values .............................. 339 Functional Assessment Methods ............................. 341 Summary ................................................... 346 10. Wetland Restoration ....................................... 348 Catastrophic Versus Chronic Degradation ................... 351 Enabling Restoration Efforts .............................. 354 Restore What? ............................................. 360 Identifying Feasible Coals ................................ 364 How Theory Can Help ....................................... 367 Restoring Functions at the Watershed Scale ................ 378 Site-based Tactics ........................................ 382 Surprises and Their Lessons ............................... 395 Evaluating Progress and Outcomes .......................... 398 Long-term Stewardship ..................................... 402 Adaptive Restoration: An Approach That Simultaneously Advances Ecology and Accomplishes Restoration ........... 402 11. Flood Pulsing and the Development and Maintenance of Biodiversity in Floodplains ............................... 407 Characterization of Flood-pulsing Systems ................. 408 Definition and Classification of Wetland Organisms ........ 413 Strategies to Survive Flooding and Drought ................ 416 Speciation and Extinction: The Impact of Paleoclimatic History on Species Diversity ............................ 418 Species Exchange Between Floodplains and Permanent Water Bodies .................................................. 422 Species Exchange Between Floodplains and Terrestrial Habitats ................................................ 425 Species Exchange Between Different Floodplains ............ 428 Species Exchange Between Intertidal Wetlands and Other Habitats ................................................ 430 Altering the Flood Pulse: Impacts on Biodiversity ......... 431 Conclusions ............................................... 434 12. Consequences for Wetlands of a Changing Global Environment ............................................... 436 Assumptions ............................................... 439 Effects on Carbon Balance ................................. 441 Effects on Species Composition and Redistribution ......... 443 Effects on Wetland Types .................................. 449 Management and Policy Options ............................. 456 Summary ................................................... 459 Literature Cited .............................................. 463 Index ......................................................... 561