List of Symbols .............................................. viii
List of Acronyms ............................................. xiii
1 Einleitung / Introduction ..................................... 1
2 Theoretical foundations of radar measurements ................. 8
2.1 The Maxwell equations .................................... 8
2.2 General aspects of EM-remote sensing ..................... 9
2.3 Fundamental radar equation .............................. 10
2.4 Essential basics of synthetic aperture radar ............ 11
2.5 Common SAR imaging modes ................................ 12
2.6 The resolution of real and synthetic aperture radar in
range and azimuth ....................................... 14
2.6.1 Resolution in range ............................... 15
2.6.2 Resolution in azimuth ............................. 16
2.7 Signal processing ....................................... 17
2.8 Data format and processing algorithms ................... 17
2.9 Principles of radar interferometry ...................... 18
2.10 Coherence ............................................... 20
2.11 Differential SAR interferometry ......................... 20
2.12 Permanent scatterer interferometry ...................... 22
2.13 Acquisition of SAR Interferograms ....................... 22
2.14 Fundamentals of radar polarimetry ....................... 23
2.15 The polarization ellipse ................................ 25
2.16 The Stokes parameters and Wolfs coherency matrix ........ 27
2.17 The field and the voltage equation ...................... 28
2.18 Covariance, coherency and Kennaugh matrices ............. 29
2.19 The covariance matrix ................................... 31
3 Propagation and scattering aspects (basics) of the observed
geophysical media ............................................ 33
3.1 The electromagnetic spectrum ............................. 33
3.2 The Earth and its interior ............................... 37
3.3 The Earth's atmosphere ................................... 38
3.4 The Earth's magnetic field ............................... 39
3.5 Impact of the Signal - frequency on the imaging System
properties ............................................... 40
3.6 Atmospheric propagation effects .......................... 41
3.7 Ionosphere ............................................... 42
3.7.1 Propagation in the ionosphere ...................... 42
3.8 Tropospheric effects ..................................... 47
3.8.1 Tropospheric delay effects ......................... 48
3.8.2 Attenuation through rain ........................... 48
3.8.3 Attenuation and rain-rate statistics ............... 50
3.9 Radar measurements of atmospheric precipitation .......... 51
4 Analysis of multiparameter SAR data .......................... 54
4.1 Introduction to principal component analysis (PCA) ....... 54
4.1.1 History of PCA and ICA ............................. 55
4.2 The application of principal component analysis in
radar polarimetry ........................................ 57
4.2.1 Methodology ........................................ 57
4.2.2 Calculation of the principal components and
the point scatterer matrices ....................... 59
4.3 On the Geršgorin disc theorem applied to radar
polarimetry .............................................. 63
5 Assessment and management of propagation effects in SAR
measurements ................................................. 66
5.1 Atmospheric effects and product quality in
the application of SAR interferometry .................... 66
5.1.1 Basic approach ..................................... 68
5.2 Examples of how the atmosphere and/or ionoshpere are
affecting multimodal SAR applications .................... 70
5.3 Analysis method of errors (motion and atmospheric) in
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images .................... 75
5.3.1 Analysis method .................................... 82
5.3.2 Results ............................................ 82
5.3.3 Scientific conclusions ............................. 85
5.4 An experiment on atmospheric effects in airborne
interferometric SAR data (ATMOSAR) ................. 87
5.4.1 Description of the experiment and the acquisition
conditions: analysis and data processing ........... 88
5.4.2 Interpretation of differential effects ............. 91
5.4.3 Scientific conclusions ............................. 92
5.5 Examples of atmospheric influences on SAR measurements
and its impact on the TerraSAR-X calibration strategy .... 93
5.5.1 Influence of atmospheric effects on
the calibration of SAR systems ..................... 93
5.5.2 Monitoring of the TerraSAR-X test-site during
the external calibration (XCAL) campaign ........... 94
5.6 Automated detection of artefacts in SAR-images ........... 95
5.6.1 Discussion of the algorithm Steps and
an illustrative application of the detection
algorithm .......................................... 96
6 Zusammenfassung / Main conclusions .......................... 101
6.1 Executive summary ....................................... 106
6.2 Critical assessment of what is new and how it compares
with previous results ................................... 107
6.3 Outlook ................................................. 108
A Mathematical preliminaries on coherency and covariance
matrix statistics ........................................... 110
B Theoretical considerations of principal component analysis
(PCA) ....................................................... 112
C Mathematical preliminaries to the Geršgorin theory .......... 117
Bibliography .................................................. 132
List of Figures ............................................... 137
List of Tables ................................................ 138
Acknowledgements .............................................. 139
Lebenslauf / Curriculum Vitae ................................. 141
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